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1.
Information and Communication Technology Challenges to Scientific Professional Identity 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Increasingly, information and communication technology (ICT) uses are transforming professional activities and interactions in ways that challenge traditional assumptions about professional identity. In this article, we consider the ways in which the professional identities of research scientists in oceanography and marine biology are shaped by the use of ICTs. We draw empirical data from an ongoing study of scientific research collaborations that examines uses of basic communication technologies, as well as scientific technologies with embedded ICT components. Our analysis suggests that development and use of ICT-enabled scientific technologies are identity enhancing for many scientists, facilitating their development of unique areas of scientific knowledge. ICT-related changes in data collection, collaborative coordination, and scientific interaction also challenge traditional definitions of expertise and professional identity. An examination of these challenges directs attention to the project identities that form around ICT-enabled scientific technologies and the ways that those project identities are enacted through ICTs. 相似文献
2.
Markus Perkmann Rossella Salandra Valentina Tartari Maureen McKelvey Alan Hughes 《Research Policy》2021,50(1):104114
We provide a systematic review of the literature on academic engagement from 2011 onwards, which was the cut-off year of a previous review article published in Research Policy. Academic engagement refers to knowledge-related interactions of academic scientists with external organisations. It includes activities such as collaborative research with industry, contract research, consulting and informal ties. We consolidate what is known about the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents of academic engagement, and its consequences for research, commercialisation, and society at large. Our results suggest that individual characteristics associated with academic engagement include being scientifically productive, senior, male, locally trained, and commercially experienced. Academic engagement is also socially conditioned by peer effects and disciplinary characteristics. In terms of consequences, academic engagement is positively associated with academics’ subsequent scientific productivity. We propose new areas of investigation where evidence remains inconclusive, including individual life cycle effects, the role of organisational contexts and incentives, cross-national comparisons, and the impact of academic engagement on the quality of subsequent research as well as the educational, commercial and society-wide impact. 相似文献
3.
面对复杂性、综合性和交融性的重大问题，单一学科的理论和方法往往难以进行全方位的深入探讨和系统建构，因而交叉科学研究日益成为解决人类发展重大难题不可或缺的研究范式。近年来，交叉科学研究日益得到各国政府和科技管理部门的高度关注，然而，什么是真正意义上的交叉科学？如何测度交叉科学？如何衡量交叉科学研究的影响力？本文从交叉科学的概念与内涵出发，围绕一系列交叉科学相关问题展开探讨，在明确交叉科学概念与内涵的基础上，进一步从学科多样性与凝聚性两个视角对交叉科学的测度指标进行了归纳，并从引文影响和社会影响两个角度分析了当前交叉科学的影响评价中面临的问题。以期能够深化对交叉科学的认知与理解，为我国交叉科学研究与实践提供一定的参考与启示。 相似文献
4.
As the costs of certain types of scientific research have escalated and as growth rates in overall national science budgets have declined, so the need for an explicit science policy has grown more urgent. In order to establish priorities between research groups competing for scarce funds, one of the most important pieces of information needed by science policy-makers is an assessment of those groups' recent scientific performance. This paper suggests a method for evaluating that performance.After reviewing the literature on scientific assessment, we argue that, while there are no simple measures of the contributions to scientific knowledge made by scientists, there are a number of ‘partial indicators’ — that is, variables determined partly by the magnitude of the particular contributions, and partly by ‘other factors’. If the partial indicators are to yield reliable results, then the influence of these ‘other factors’ must be minimised. This is the aim of the method of ‘converging partial indicators’ proposed in this paper. We argue that the method overcomes many of the problems encountered in previous work on scientific assessment by incorporating the following elements: (1) the indicators are applied to research groups rather than individual scientists; (2) the indicators based on citations are seen as reflecting the impact, rather than the quality or importance, of the research work; (3) a range of indicators are employed, each of which focusses on different aspects of a group's performance; (4) the indicators are applied to matched groups, comparing ‘like’ with ‘like’ as far as possible; (5) because of the imperfect or partial nature of the indicators, only in those cases where they yield convergent results can it be assumed that the influence of the ‘other factors’ has been kept relatively small (i.e. the matching of the groups has been largely successful), and that the indicators therefore provide a reasonably reliable estimate of the contribution to scientific progress made by different research groups.In an empirical study of four radio astronomy observatories, the method of converging partial indicators is tested, and several of the indicators (publications per researcher, citations per paper, numbers of highly cited papers, and peer evaluation) are found to give fairly consistent results. The results are of relevance to two questions: (a) can basic research be assessed? (b) more specifically, can significant differences in the research performance of radio astronomy centres be identified? We would maintain that the evidence presented in this paper is sufficient to justify a positive answer to both these questions, and hence to show that the method of converging partial indicators can yield information useful to science policy-makers. 相似文献
5.
《Research Policy》2022,51(7):104553
Researchers often receive contrasting incentives when conducting their work. On the one hand, an interdisciplinary approach is required to produce scientific advances and access to funding. On the other, academic scholarships and evaluation mechanisms are still organized following the criteria of traditional disciplinary fields. If pursuing interdisciplinary research results in contrasting outcomes, science may face an interdisciplinarity dilemma: should researchers pursue their own private interest to build a reputation? Or should they endeavor towards public interest? How costly in terms of reputation is to choose interdisciplinarity research (IDR) over (more) specialized research? We answer these questions by exploiting data on 23,926 articles published by 6,105 researchers affiliated with the University of Florida in the period 2008–2013. Through individual fixed-effect, we compare articles of the same scholar to roll out the influence of individual characteristics on the scientific impact of their research. We find that the diverse dimensions of IDR (Variety, Balance, and Disparity) have a different effect on the reputation of a scholar and on her contribution to societal research. We confirm the existence of trade-off between private and public interest. We also point out that the increase of IDR aiming at connecting distant disciplines reduces the usefulness of the resulting knowledge. Results are robust to various specifications and apply to all scholars, regardless of their gender, collaboration behavior, discipline, and performance. These findings pose challenging questions to policymakers. 相似文献
6.
《Information processing & management》2022,59(6):103110
The research on studying exploration-exploitation behavior in topic choice has consistently been the focus of a great deal of attention. In this study, we propose five novel research strategies under exploration and exploitation based on the general but significant features of topics, and present a series of metrics to quantify and identify these strategies. We analyze the relationship between scientists’ research performance (i.e., productivity and impact) and their preference for different strategies, and examine the evolution of their preference in scientific careers through comprehensive statistical analysis. We employ a MAG dataset as our data source, and select about 30 million scientists from the computer science filed and their publications as our analysis objects. Our empirical analysis shows that productive and impactful scientists tend to follow academic frontiers, study diverse topics, explore emerging topics and combinatorial innovation, but exploit mature topics less often. We also figure out the potential reasons for the phenomenon. In addition, we find that successful scientists prefer to execute exploratory research strategies from the beginning of their career, and young scientists seem to be more creative. Our research may help researchers deeply understand topic selection behavior, and therefore provide enlightenment for training scientists and give advice for funding allocation as well as research and development policy formulation. 相似文献
7.
《International Journal of Information Management》2017,37(6):553-565
Although digital content (DC) business has been increasingly recognized as one of the core industries in a knowledge-based economy, little is known about its value stream from DC users’ perspective. This study suggests a DC value chain framework involving the stream of DC value from DC creation to use from users’ perspective, which has three key components of DC-value stream: (1) DC-value creation, (2) DC-value interaction, and (3) DC-value use. Drawing upon the DC value chain framework, we propose a research model exploring the direct relationships between DC-value creation and DC-value interaction and between DC-value interaction and DC-value use. It also explains the moderating role of DC types between DC-value and DC-value interactions. The empirical results of the study indicate that DC-value interactions play an intermediary role between DC creation value and DC use value and that users’ perceptions of DC value vary in different types of DC. We discuss theoretical contributions and practical implications along with some avenues for future research. 相似文献
8.
Byungchae Jin 《Research Policy》2019,48(1):385-400
This study investigates whether country-level technological disparities influence individual scientists’ choice of research agenda and, if so, how the effect of country-level technological disparities on individuals’ research activities differs before and after technology commercialization. To address these research questions, we use research proceedings published from the International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS) from 1990 to 2009. We find that a country’s technological capabilities tend to prevent its scientists from studying electric vehicles (defined as a disruptive technology) but encourage them to study hybrid vehicles (defined as a sustaining technology) before electric and hybrid vehicles are launched in the automobile market. We also find that a country’s technological capabilities do not subsequently help its scientists shift their research activities to the technologies that have received positive initial feedback from automobile markets. 相似文献
9.
《Information processing & management》2022,59(3):102944
Scientific collaboration empowers scholars to build larger teams and produce more high-quality knowledge. However, with insufficient microscopic examination of scientific collaboration, i.e., the interactions between collaborators, little is currently known about whether the contributing roles of collaborators are fairly and accurately represented on the bylines of scientific papers. To fill this gap, the current study examines how the different roles of collaborators are connected to the order of their names in article bylines across disciplines and team sizes. A dataset of 105,192 articles containing author contribution statements was compiled and analyzed to investigate the byline order distributions of three different contributing roles: versatiles, specialists, and teamplayers. We discovered that, across all disciplines, the order of names in article bylines usually represented authors’ contributions. Versatiles were more likely to be first authors in the byline, followed by teamplayers and specialists. We also found that the division of labor in larger teams varied between disciplines. In some subjects, the three contributing roles disappeared as the size of teams increased, while in others, they remained distinct. Finally, larger team sizes were associated with a weaker relationship between byline ordering and contributing roles. These findings advance studies of scientific collaboration and enrich the literature on the evaluation of scientific performance. 相似文献
10.
国内外普遍认为高校及科研院所的科研人员与企业的合作有助于推动国家创新,但迄今尚少有经验研究来探讨校企合作究竟对科研活动产生了哪些积极的或消极的影响。本文基于对一项全国七千余名科研人员的调查数据的分析,全面考察了科研人员承担企业项目对于科研文化、科研网络、科研投入及产出等多方面的具体影响,研究发现承担企业项目的科研人员有更高的研究积极性、建立了更广泛的科研合作网络、在科研成果的市场转换方面表现也更好,但同时也发现承担企业项目对科研文化和基础研究可能存在不利影响。研究结果为我们更好地促进科研机构与企业协同创新提供了新的启示。 相似文献
11.
《Research Policy》2022,51(4):104491
Scientists are increasingly crossing the boundaries of the professional system by involving the general public (the crowd) directly in their research. However, this crowd involvement tends to be confined to empirical work and it is not clear whether and how crowds can also be involved in conceptual stages such as formulating the questions that research is trying to address. Drawing on five different “paradigms” of crowdsourcing and related mechanisms, we first discuss potential merits of involving crowds in the formulation of research questions (RQs). We then analyze data from two crowdsourcing projects in the medical sciences to describe key features of RQs generated by crowd members and compare the quality of crowd contributions to that of RQs generated in the conventional scientific process. We find that the majority of crowd contributions are problem restatements that can be useful to assess problem importance but provide little guidance regarding potential causes or solutions. At the same time, crowd-generated research questions frequently cross disciplinary boundaries by combining elements from different fields within and especially outside medicine. Using evaluations by professional scientists, we find that the average crowd contribution has lower novelty and potential scientific impact than professional research questions, but comparable practical impact. Crowd contributions outperform professional RQs once we apply selection mechanisms at the level of individual contributors or across contributors. Our findings advance research on crowd and citizen science, crowdsourcing and distributed knowledge production, as well as the organization of science. We also inform ongoing policy debates around the involvement of citizens in research in general, and agenda setting in particular. 相似文献
12.
P. Craig Boardman 《Research Policy》2009,38(10):1505-1516
This paper uses data from a national survey of academic researchers in the US to detect how different types of university research centers affect individual-level university–industry interactions. The results suggest that while affiliation with an industry-related center correlates positively with the likelihood of an academic researcher having had any research-related interactions with private companies, affiliation with centers sponsored by government centers programs correlates positively with the level of industry involvement, no matter whether these centers additionally have ties to private companies. The analysis takes the “scientific and technical human capital” approach, which draws from theories of social capital and human capital and proves useful for framing the institutional and resource-based perspectives that characterize much of the literature on university–industry interactions. The scientific and technical human capital approach is taken because its emphasis on the research capacities of individual academic researchers provides a more direct explanation of government centrality to academic researchers’ industry involvement than provide either the resource-based or institutional views. Implications for policy and management as well as for future applications of the scientific and technical human capital approach are discussed. 相似文献
13.
Weijie Zhao 《国家科学评论(英文版)》2019,6(6):1163
Professor Feng Shao at National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing is a well-known immunologist. He has made a series of fundamental contributions to the fields of pathogen-host interactions and innate immune response mechanisms. Professor Weihong Tan at Hunan University and Shanghai Jiaotong University is a world-renowned scholar in bioanalytical chemistry and chemical biology. He developed a number of chemical tools that expended the extent of molecular medicine and may turn into useful clinical diagnosis and treatment tools. In May 2019, National Science Review (NSR) had an interview with Professors Feng Shao and Weihong Tan. The two scientists, both trained at University of Michigan for their PhD study, have different research directions, but share the same basic scientific vision: to solve human health-related fundamental problems by illuminating and making use of the underlying molecular mechanisms. They also share similar opinions on biomedical research methods and scientific career development. 相似文献
14.
Christoph Grimpe 《Research Policy》2012,41(8):1448-1460
Although competitive funding of public research has been characterised as providing output incentives that raise efficiency and productivity, we know very little about whether the quality of a scientist's research is in fact the primary award criterion on which funding bodies base their grant decision. This paper provides insights into scientists’ strategies for obtaining project-based research funding in the presence of multiple funding opportunities. It draws a distinction between four types of grants, including the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP6), government, foundation, and industry grants. Based on a sample of more than 800 scientists at universities and public research institutes in Germany, the results indicate that scientist productivity measured in terms of publication and patent stock is a statistically significant determinant only for obtaining foundation and industry grants while the award of an FP6 or government grant is influenced by other characteristics. The results further show that the different grants are not complementary, i.e. scientists specialise in certain grants. In this respect, the analysis informs science, technology and innovation policy about potential discrepancies between policy rhetoric, stipulated award criteria, and actual funding outcomes which makes it possible to fine-tune the debate on how public research should be financed. 相似文献
15.
跨学科研究是当代高校适应和服务于经济社会及科学技术发展的重要途径,如何有效组织跨学科研究是摆在高校面前的重大现实课题之一。美国斯坦福大学Bio-x计划在跨学科研究的管理体制和运行机制方面进行了积极的探索和实践,取得了显著成效,包括科学的跨学科战略规划、创新创业的组织文化、有效的跨学科研究平台、实体运作的体制及项目驱动的机制、与产业界紧密联系等成为其成功的关键因素。本文对斯坦福大学B io-x跨学科研究计划进行深入研究和分析,旨在为中国高校跨学科研究的有效组织提供借鉴。 相似文献
16.
学者们日益关注如何通过支持科学研究,在性能和效率上超越对手,实现产业核心技术的突破,以促进科学转化为创新。然而,对如何使科学研究获得合法性以及究竟使其获得何种类型的合法性却鲜有探究。为此,本文通过中国科学技术大学量子系统的相干控制技术纵向案例研究,以合法性形成过程的阶段特征和来源类型为研究主线,分析了MIIT互动的行为、结果及其相互关系。研究发现：（1）合法性过程中MIIT互动模式随主体行为角色、动机和方式转变而演化;互动模式的演化发展提升了科学与技术研究能力;MIIT的互动直接形成认知合法性,进而通过促进科学与技术研究成果的显现和能力成长来形成规范合法性和规制合法性。（2）合法性是一个连续变量,不同阶段合法性有在程度上积累增加,范围上逐渐扩大的趋势。本文的主要贡献在于解析了从科学到创新合法性形成与演化的微观机制,揭示了合法性作为一个连续变量的演化特征,具有重要的理论指导和实践启示意义。 相似文献
17.
Frank J. van Rijnsoever Laurens K. Hessels Rens L.J. Vandeberg 《Research Policy》2008,37(8):1255-1266
The high value of collaboration among scientists and of interactions of university researchers with industry is generally acknowledged. In this study we explain the use of different knowledge networks at the individual level from a resource-based perspective. This involves viewing networks as a resource that offers competitive advantages to an individual university researcher in terms of career development. Our results show that networking and career development are strongly related, but it is important to distinguish between different types of networks. Although networks on various levels (faculty, university, scientific, industrial) show strong correlations, we found three significant differences. First, networking within one's own faculty and with researchers from other universities stimulates careers, while interactions with industry do not. Second, during the course of an academic career a researcher's scientific network activity first rises, but then declines after about 20 years. Science-industry collaboration, however, continuously increases. Third, the personality trait ‘global innovativeness’ positively influences science-science interactions, but not science-industry interactions. 相似文献
18.
《普罗米修斯》2012,30(3):215-233
Honesty in scientific publication is critical for scientific advancement, but dishonesty is commonly and increasingly observed in misconduct and other questionable practices. Focusing on dishonest conformity in peer review, in which authors unwillingly obey referees’ instructions in order to have their papers accepted even if the instructions contradict the authors’ scientific belief, the current study aims to investigate the determinants of dishonesty. Drawing on survey data of Japanese life scientists, this study shows that the conflict between authors and referees in peer review is common. A majority of scientists follow referees’ instructions rather than refute them. The results suggest that conformity occurs more frequently (1) in biology than in medicine and agriculture, (2) when authors are in strong scientific competition, (3) if authors are associate professors rather than full professors, (4) if authors have no foreign research experience, and (5) in low-impact journals rather than in medium-impact journals. 相似文献
19.
Amalya L Oliver 《Research Policy》2004,33(4):583-597
20.
准确把握杰出科学家成长规律是科技创新人才政策制定前瞻性和针对性的重要保障。综合使用统计分析、比较分析、文献研究等方法组合对1901—2021年诺贝尔科学奖得主和中国科学院院士群体的成长规律进行深入分析,研究发现：（1）杰出科学家做出重大成果的时间集中在35~45岁,其重大科学贡献获得学术界认可的平均年龄在57~58岁,其中,诺贝尔科学奖得主的平均获奖年龄呈现上升趋势,而中国科学院院士的平均当选年龄呈现下降趋势;（2）化学、生命科学和医学领域重大成就获得认可的时间相对较短,物理学等领域重大成就获得认可的时间相对较长;（3）杰出科学家通常拥有良好的科学教育背景,并在世界一流的学术研究平台进行过高水平的科研工作和学术交流,在一流的学术环境中成长起来;（4）杰出科学家的涌现表现出较强的群落效应和明显的师承关系,师承关系是杰出科学家成长的重要因素,师从名家可以有效促进科学家成长。基于上述研究结论,本文对杰出科学家支持政策和青年科技创新人才政策制定提出了两点政策启示。 相似文献