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1.
This study is an investigation into theinterconnections among three languages, Arabic,Hebrew and English, each of which has adifferent orthography. Hebrew and Arabic havemore in common with each other than withEnglish; they are considered ``shallow'orthographies if vowelized and ``deep'orthographies if unvowelized. The reading,language, and working memory skills of 70trilingual Israeli-Arab students, aged 14–15,were assessed. Arabic was their maininstructional language in school, and Hebrewand English were studied as required subjects.All these adolescents studied Hebrew from thethird grade and English from the fourth grade.They were administered word and pseudowordreading, language, orthographic, and workingmemory tests in Arabic, Hebrew, and English. Inspite of differences among these threelanguages, the majority of the children showedadequate proficiency in three languages. Asignificant relationship was found between theacquisition of word and pseudoword readingskills, working memory, and syntactic awarenessskills within and across the three languages.Trilingualism of this nature seems not to havenegative consequences (and may even havepositive consequences) for the development oforal language and reading skills in the threelanguages in spite of their differentorthographies. 相似文献
2.
We tested the effects of morphological and orthographic differences between English, Hebrew, and Arabic on the functioning of the two cerebral hemispheres. University students who were native speakers of each of the three languages performed a lateralized consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) identification task. The stimuli were presented vertically in three conditions: left visual field (LVF), right visual field (RVF), and bilaterally (BVF). Three dependent measures were used: (1) exposure duration of the stimuli in order to achieve a 50% error rate, (2) total number of errors in each presentation condition and (3) the difference between errors on the first letter and errors on the last letter, a qualitative measure of sequential processing. Arabic readers required longer exposure durations of the syllables in order to achieve a 50% error rate than Hebrew readers, who in turn, required longer exposure durations than native English readers. Readers of all three languages evinced left hemisphere specialization for this linguistic task and a bilateral advantage. The qualitative patterns revealed that the Arabic and Hebrew speakers showed the same hemispheric difference pattern, that was different from the one shown by English readers, and that Arabic readers showed a qualitative pattern suggesting higher levels of sequential processes in both hemisphere than readers of Hebrew and English. We interpret this as reflecting the adaptation of hemispheric abilities to reading languages that differ in morphological structure and orthography. 相似文献
3.
This study investigated the effect of vowels and context on readingaccuracy of skilled adult native Arabic speakers in Arabic and inHebrew, their second language. Their reading comprehension was alsotested in Arabic and Hebrew texts as a function of vowels. Theparticipants (n = 65) read fully vowelized and unvowelized lists ofArabic words, and vowelized and unvowelized paragraphs of Arabic.Further, they, read pointed and unpointed lists of Hebrew words, andpointed and unpointed paragraphs of Hebrew. They were also administeredtwo stories, one in Arabic and one in Hebrew, in two reading conditions,a fully vowelized and unvowelized Arabic story and a pointed andunpointed Hebrew story. The results revealed a significant effect forvowels and for context across all reading conditions in Arabic andHebrew. The surprising result was that the vowelized texts in Arabic andthe pointed and unpointed texts in Hebrew were comprehendedsignificantly better. Further, Pearson correlation procedures andmultiple regression analysis indicated no positive significantrelationship between oral reading accuracy results and silent readingcomprehension results. These findings are explained throughcharacteristics of the Semitic languages Arabic and Hebrew, and thetriliteral/quadriliteral-root model is suggested toexplain reading in unvowelized/unpointed texts in Semitic languages. 相似文献
4.
The aim of the present study is to examine the influence of diglossia on linguistic and narrative structures in Arab kindergarten children by testing performance in production and comprehension. The 30 children who participated in our study were asked to retell one narrative text that was read aloud to them in Literary Arabic and another narrative text that was retold to them in Spoken Arabic. Then they were given a comprehension test that included questions pertaining to each of the two stories. In addition, two questionnaires were filled in by their parents, for collecting personal data and evaluating the level of the children’s exposure to Literary Arabic at home. The findings show a significant advantage in the retold spoken text over the retold literary text and in understanding the narrative-discourse. In addition, the findings show that the linguistic gap between Literary and Spoken Arabic seems to impact the level of mastery over linguistic structures in both forms of Arabic. Both of these findings indicate that, despite the fact that the exposure to Literary Arabic at a young age is informal and indirect, pre-school children are able to use linguistic structures from the literary language and to comprehend narrative texts. These results, with a particular emphasis on spoken and literary linguistic knowledge in pre-school children, are discussed herein in light of previous behavioral findings and models of development of narrative abilities in the Arabic language. 相似文献
5.
陆映波 《贵阳学院学报(社会科学版)》2013,(2):84-87,91
从“代词回指语先行项的可及性”、“代词回指语的功能”、“代词回指语的数量分布”等三个方面论述汉语和阿拉伯语篇章中代词回指语表现出的差异,这种差异是由两种语言本质上存在的不同所决定的。在进行两种语言的篇章理解和互译时,只有充分考虑到二者在代词回指语使用上所呈现出的特性,才能对篇章语义正确地理解,进而得到理想的译文。 相似文献
6.
吉祥波 《云南师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2010,(5):33-41
不同母语的学生学习汉语有不同的难处,因此对不同母语的学生教学难点和重点也就不同。在总结前人研究的基础上,文章对阿拉伯汉语初学者双音节词声调的偏误进行了一次较为系统的调查与分析。首先对比阿拉伯语和汉语两种不同语言的声调;然后设计双音节发音调查表并采集语音样本;接着运用Prrat语音软件来分析语音样本并进行偏误统计;最后根据统计的结果来分析偏误产生的原因并提出相应的训练对策。 相似文献
7.
All native speakers of Arabic read in a language variety that is remarkably distant from the one they use in everyday speech. The study tested the impact of this distance on reading accuracy and fluency by comparing reading of Standard Arabic (StA) words, used in StA only, versus Spoken Arabic (SpA) words, used in SpA too, among Arabic native speakers in Grades 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 (N = 100). Pseudowords in SpA and StA were also compared. Analysis of variance results revealed significant differences in reading SpA versus StA words across all grades and in reading voweled and unvoweled words. The findings support the effect the linguistic distance between SpA and StA on word reading development. 相似文献
8.
Randa Abbas Vered Vaknin-Nusbaum Ari Neuman Geraldine Mongillo Dorothy Feola Rochelle Goldberg Kaplan 《Cultura y Educación》2013,25(4):730-765
AbstractResearchers have shown an increased interest in the way teachers use their knowledge about language (KAL) to enhance student understanding and learning. This qualitative case study investigated first- and second-grade teachers’ use of KAL in Arabic. We investigated the linguistic transitions from standard Arabic to spoken Arabic made by the teachers during mathematics lessons. The results suggested that Arab-speaking mathematics teachers were aware of the gap between home language (Spoken Arabic) and school language (Modern Standard Arabic) and used linguistic transition as a teaching strategy to develop academic thinking and behaviour among their students. The results suggested that Arab teachers built a non-formal bilingual education programme where the two languages were used to teach mathematics. Despite the requirement to use Modern Standard Arabic, participants bridged the gap between the languages, which suggests an inherent understanding that ‘language and identity are ultimately inseparable’. 相似文献
9.
The Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) is a well-validated screening tool for assessing potential for child physical abuse, and has been translated into many different languages. To date the CAPI has not been translated into Arabic or used in any studies in Arabic-speaking populations. This study reports on the process of adapting the CAPI into Arabic Language which was undertaken following the International Society of Pharma-economics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines. The translation/adaptation process was multi-stage, and involved the use of a Delphi process, cognitive debriefing, back translation, and a pilot testing of the Arabic CAPI at two primary health care centers with a population of pregnant women (n = 60). Following “literal translation” 73 out of the 160 items needed re-phrasing to adapt the items to the Oman context. No differences were found when comparing results of the translated or back-translated versions to source; however, eight items needed further amendment following translated to back-translated comparison and feedback from the pilot. Iterations were resolved following in-depth interviews. Discrepancies were due to differences in culture, parenting practices, and religion. Piloting of the tool indicated mean score value of 155.8 (SD = 59.4) and eleven women (18%) scored above the cut off value of 215. This Arabic translation of the CAPI was undertaken using rigorous methodology and sets the scene for further research on the Arabic CAPI within Arabic-speaking populations. 相似文献
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The paper reported an exploratory study that tested (a) the relationship between phonological and morphological awareness
in English (L1)–Arabic (L2) bilingual children in Canada (N = 43), and (b) the relevance of these skills to word and pseudoword reading accuracy, and to complex word reading fluency.
The results showed a significant correlation between phonological awareness in English and in Arabic. However, morphological
awareness in the two languages was not correlated. Phonological awareness predicted reading cross-linguistically, but only
Arabic morphological awareness predicted word reading in English. Moreover, while both phonological and morphological awareness
in English predicted independent unique variance in English word reading, only phonological awareness in Arabic predicted
Arabic word reading. Complex-word reading fluency was predicted by morphological awareness within both languages. Similarly,
in both languages, phonological awareness was the single factor predicting pseudoword decoding accuracy. The results are discussed
in terms of cross-linguistic differences between English and Arabic in orthographic depth and in morphological structure and
transparency. 相似文献
12.
耿广可 《江苏经贸职业技术学院学报》2009,(4)
以波状曲线为主要特征的阿拉伯装饰纹样是阿拉伯艺术的灵魂。阿拉伯艺术家们将极富装饰性和想象力的各种形态,依照一定的秩序感加以编排组合,通过连续、渐变、放射、重复、回旋等构成方式,创造了高度抽象化的几何纹、植物纹以及文字纹,这些精致华丽、纷繁复杂的装饰纹样都体现了统一与变化、对比与调和、对称与均衡、节奏与韵律等形式美法则。 相似文献
13.
Word recognition and basic cognitive processes among reading-disabled and normal readers in Arabic 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study investigated word identification inArabic and basic cognitive processes inreading-disabled (RD) and normal readers of thesame chronological age, and in younger normalreaders at the same reading level. The studyfocused on the word identification processes ofphonological decoding and orthographicprocessing and the cognitive processes ofsyntactic and morphological awareness, workingmemory, and visual processing. RD children werecompared with normal readers on a battery oftests developed in Arabic on the basis of thoseavailable in English and Hebrew. The presentresults revealed deficiencies among the RD childrenin phonological decoding, in contrast torelative strengths in orthographic processing. These data were consistent with English-languagefindings. The analysis of basiccognitive processes indicated significantdeficiencies in morphology, working memory, andsyntactic and visual processing, with the mostsevere deficiencies observed for phonologicalawareness. The results are discussed in lightof international RD findings and the nature ofArabic orthography. 相似文献
14.
The present study examined cross-linguistic relationships between phonological awareness in L1 (Hebrew) and L2 (English) among
normal (N = 30) and reading disabled (N = 30) Hebrew native speaking college students. Further, it tested the effect of two factors: the lexical status of the stimulus
word (real word vs. pseudoword) and the linguistic affiliation of the target phoneme (whether it is within L1 or L2) on phonological
awareness. Three parallel experimental phonological awareness tasks were developed in both languages: phoneme isolation, full
segmentation, and phoneme deletion. As expected, the results revealed lower levels of phonological awareness in the L2 than
in the L1, and in the reading disabled than in the normal reader group. The lexical status of the target word was a reliable
factor predicting individual differences in phonological awareness in L2. It was also found that the linguistic affiliation
of the target phoneme was a reliable factor in predicting L2 phonological awareness performance in both reader groups. The
results are discussed within the framework of phonological representation and language-specific linguistic constraints on
phonological awareness. 相似文献
15.
The quality of implicit morphological knowledge in adult Hebrew readers with developmental dyslexia was investigated. The priming paradigm was used to examine whether these adults extract and represent morphemic units similarly to normal readers during online word recognition. The group with dyslexia as a whole did not exhibit priming with visual presentation as opposed to both age- and reading-level controls. Priming was absent when the prime and target words shared a morpheme and even when the prime and the target were identical. Only the students with phonological dyslexia, who exhibited relatively good performance in the orthographic judgment task, exhibited repetition priming but not morphological priming. Strong repetition and morphological priming effects were found for participants with dyslexia when the stimuli were auditory. The implications of the dissociation between visual and auditory priming for the locus of the deficit in morphological processing during word recognition are discussed. 相似文献
16.
While much is known about Latin orthography little is known about Arabic orthography. This study investigates the effect of vowels on reading accuracy in Arabic orthography. Participants were 64 native Arabic speakers. Four kinds of written Arabic texts were administered: narrative, informative, poetic and Koranic. Three texts of each kind were presented in three reading conditions: correctly vowelized, unvowelized and wrongly vowelized. Results indicated that vowels had a significant effect on reading accuracy of poor and skilled readers in reading each of the four kinds of texts. The results are discussed in light of the concept that more cross-cultural considerations should be made in reading theory today. 相似文献
17.
Arabic native speaking children are born into a unique linguistic context called diglossia (Ferguson, word, 14, 47–56, [1959]). In this context, children grow up speaking a Spoken Arabic Vernacular (SAV), which is an exclusively
spoken language, but later learn to read another linguistically related form, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Forty-two first-grade
Arabic native speaking children were given five measures of basic reading processes: two cognitive (rapid automatized naming
and short-term working memory), two phonological (phoneme discrimination and phoneme isolation), and one orthographic (letter
recoding speed). In addition, the study produced independent measures of phonological processing for MSA phonemes (phonemes
that are not within the spoken vernacular of children) and SAV phonemes (phonemes that are familiar to children from their
oral vernacular). The relevance of these skills to MSA pseudoword reading fluency (words correct per minute) in vowelized
Arabic was tested. The results showed that all predictor measures, except phoneme discrimination, correlated with pseudoword
reading fluency. Although phonological processing (phoneme isolation and discrimination) for MSA phonemes was more challenging
than that for SAV phonemes, phonological skills were not found to affect reading fluency directly. Stepwise regression analysis
showed that the strongest predictor of reading fluency in vowelized Arabic was letter recoding speed. Letter recoding speed
was predicted by memory, rapid naming, and phoneme isolation. The results are discussed in light of Arabic diglossia and the
shallow orthography of vowelized Arabic. 相似文献
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文学文体学是介于语言学与文学评论之间的一门学科,它包含有语言学对语言本身的描写,也涵盖了文学批评对文学作品的分析。当文学文体学运用于翻译研究,则对译文的主题意义及美学价值中具有指导作用。以下从文学文体学的角度出发,从语言及修辞两个层面切入,探讨两位译者的翻译特点,试图找出两位译者在这两个层面的异同。经过对比发现,在词汇层面上,汪译本所运用的押韵方式与原诗相近;在句法层面上,两位译者在句法结构上存在差异,但谭译本在突显主题意义及美学价值上与原文较为接近。而在衔接层面,两位译者采用了不同的翻译手法,却达到了异曲同工之妙;在修辞层面上,两位译者在翻译时保留了原文反复的修辞手法,而对于叠词,两位译者在译文中都没有体现。 相似文献
20.
汉语中词汇的重复出现是语篇衔接的一个常见手段。通过《围城》中英文本对比分析后,发现英译本的译者在对此现象进行翻译时,主要使用了以下三种处理方式。首先,在词汇重复不多的情况下使用与原文相同的词汇衔接方法,或直接重复,或用指称照应代替重复的词语。其次,运用了语法衔接的手段处理了一些词汇重复的情况,这些手段包括替代、省略。最后,对于重复频率较高的词汇,将语法衔接和词汇衔接相结合进行处理。 相似文献