Contingency in innovation and the role of national systems: taxol and taxotère in the USA and France     

Vivien Walsh  Muriel Le Roux 《Research Policy》2004,33(9):1307-1327

A very rich collection of archival material is used to compare two anticancer drugs commercialised by multinationals collaborating with public sector research, one in the USA and one in France. The framework of national innovation systems is used to compare the innovative environments for each development (different institutional structures, research programmes, financing, industry-academic-government relationships, environmental concern, and intellectual property regimes). The empirical work was able to bring out the nuances and subtleties of each environment, the way in which innovation took place in practice, and some striking differences from what stereotypical accounts of innovation in each country would have suggested.  相似文献   

北京耕地流失的时空特征与驱动机制   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

孙强  蔡运龙  王乐 《资源科学》2007,29(4):158-163

利用1996年和2004年北京市两期土地利用图，提取各类用地的图斑，运用GIS技术和数理统计方法，分析了1996年～2004年间北京耕地流失的特点及其影响因素。结果发现：1996年～2004年北京土地利用变化中，大多数地类转换都与耕地直接有关，耕地流失是北京土地利用变化的核心问题；城镇扩展主要占用耕地，且耕地生产力高的平原地区因建设占用而流失的耕地量大；远郊山区耕地被建设占用的压力相对较小，但被生态用地占用的压力相对较大；1996年～2004年间，尽管耕地面积减少，但耕地破碎化程度却在加重；地形和交通状况对耕地的空间变化过程影响显著。本文研究表明，第三产业的快速发展是促使北京地区耕地流失的最主要的动力, 由此带来的居民生活水平提高对北京耕地变化的解释力最强，恰好与前人相关研究结论相互印证；人口快速增长、区域土地市场过度竞争、农业结构调整及退耕还林政策也是北京耕地流失的重要驱动因素。  相似文献   

追求卓越的永恒动力——美国大学社会责任研究     

康乐 《高等理科教育》2011,(6):89-94

19世纪60年代至20世纪初,现代大学的社会责任开始形成,并在美国率先得以确立。本文讨论大学社会责任的概念与内涵,回顾美国大学社会责任的形成与兴起,通过对休斯顿大学的个案研究,考察美国大学社会责任的内容与履行,研究结论对我国高校具有重要的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

普通植物病理学实践性教学的探索     

易龙  蔡乐 《高等理科教育》2011,(3):126-129

实践性教学是实现高等学校教学目标、培养和造就具有创新精神和实践能力的高素质人才的重要环节。笔者结合多年普通植物病理学实践性教学的经验,从改进实验课教学、加强教学实习环节、改革传统考核制度、鼓励学生走进实验室、在教师的指导下参与科研活动、提高任课教师的综合素质等多方面探讨了普通植物病理学具体的实践性教学方法,并提出了该学科实践性教学中有待改进和加强的方面。  相似文献   

元白新乐府运动再论   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵乐 《内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2011,43(2):71-76

文学史上一般认为新乐府运动是一场声势浩大的文学活动,但与其说其本质是一场文学运动,不如将之界定为政治运动。对新乐府运动性质的颠覆,并非空穴来风,而是从其宗旨、功用、创作规范三方面来进行分析认定。新乐府运动的产生和发展均应建立于唱和这种形式之上。  相似文献   

II. DEVELOPMENT OF ADOPTED CHILDREN WITH HISTORIES OF EARLY ADVERSITY     

Femmie Juffer  Jesús Palacios  Lucy Le Mare  Edmund J. S. Sonuga‐Barke  Wendy Tieman  Marian J. Bakermans‐Kranenburg  Panayiota Vorria  Marinus H. van IJzendoorn  Frank C. Verhulst 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2011,76(4):31-61

This chapter first presents a review of research on the development of adopted children, focusing on meta‐analytic evidence and highlighting comparisons between adopted children with and without histories of early adversity. Some methodological issues arising from this literature are considered as well. Second, 7 longitudinal studies of adopted children's development are described, and the convergence of findings across the longitudinal studies and with the cross‐sectionally based meta‐analytic evidence is discussed. Third, the role of the adoptive family in supporting adopted children's development is explored.  相似文献   

Heterogeneity in schooling rates of return     

Daniel J. Henderson  Solomon W. Polachek  Le Wang 《Economics of Education Review》2011,30(6):1202-1214

  相似文献   

塞万提斯的语言活跃在孔子的土地上——西班牙语在中国     

蔡乐 《佳木斯教育学院学报》2011,(5):246-247

一提到西班牙历史上的文化名人,我们第一个想到的便是塞万提斯了。他是经典之作《堂吉诃德》的作者,是西班牙文学世界最伟大的作家之一。而当我们提起中国历史上的文化名人,孔夫子自然就是当之无愧的第一人选。孔子生于春秋时代,是东方儒家思想的代表。塞万提斯生于16世纪,是西方冒险主义精神的表率。一东一西,相隔千年,在历史上,两种文化、两种语言毫无交流的可能。而如今,塞万提斯的语言正在孔子生活的大地上成长,斗牛士与弗拉门戈的文化正在东方的舞台上熠熠生辉,西班牙语在中国已经越来越流行。  相似文献   

Exploring the forward citation patterns of patents based on the evolution of technology fields     

Su Jung Jee  Minji Kwon  Jung Moon Ha  So Young Sohn 《Journal of Informetrics》2019,13(4):100985

Forward citations of patents have been used extensively to capture the impact of technological knowledge. However, our understanding of the factors shaping patent citation patterns remains limited. One of the main limitations is the lack of scholarly attention paid to the dynamic influences arising from the evolution of technology fields. From an evolutionary perspective, technological impact is not simply determined by the static attributes of a technology itself; it is also dynamically affected by changes in the external conditions. Drawing on this viewpoint, this study suggests a model for understanding patent citation patterns by reflecting the evolution of the technology fields to which each patent belongs. Four such factors are explored: technology cycle time, potential of technological convergence, popularity of the technology field, and technological novelty. Based on the proposed model, we show how expected citation patterns can change as a result of different scenarios for technology field evolution. We conduct a case study of patents in the information technology and healthcare industries to show citation patterns of patents across heterogeneous industries as well as those within an industry. Contributions to the innovation literature and research investment decisions are discussed.  相似文献   

Applying computerized-scoring models of written biological explanations across courses and colleges: prospects and limitations     

Ha M  Nehm RH  Urban-Lurain M  Merrill JE 《CBE life sciences education》2011,10(4):379-393

Our study explored the prospects and limitations of using machine-learning software to score introductory biology students’ written explanations of evolutionary change. We investigated three research questions: 1) Do scoring models built using student responses at one university function effectively at another university? 2) How many human-scored student responses are needed to build scoring models suitable for cross-institutional application? 3) What factors limit computer-scoring efficacy, and how can these factors be mitigated? To answer these questions, two biology experts scored a corpus of 2556 short-answer explanations (from biology majors and nonmajors) at two universities for the presence or absence of five key concepts of evolution. Human- and computer-generated scores were compared using kappa agreement statistics. We found that machine-learning software was capable in most cases of accurately evaluating the degree of scientific sophistication in undergraduate majors’ and nonmajors’ written explanations of evolutionary change. In cases in which the software did not perform at the benchmark of “near-perfect” agreement (kappa > 0.80), we located the causes of poor performance and identified a series of strategies for their mitigation. Machine-learning software holds promise as an assessment tool for use in undergraduate biology education, but like most assessment tools, it is also characterized by limitations.  相似文献