The Aviation Paradox: Why We Can ‘Know’ Jetliners But Not Reactors     

John Downer 《Minerva》2017,55(2):229-248

Publics and policymakers increasingly have to contend with the risks of complex, safety-critical technologies, such as airframes and reactors. As such, ‘technological risk’ has become an important object of modern governance, with state regulators as core agents, and ‘reliability assessment’ as the most essential metric. The Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature casts doubt on whether or not we should place our faith in these assessments because predictively calculating the ultra-high reliability required of such systems poses seemingly insurmountable epistemological problems. This paper argues that these misgivings are warranted in the nuclear sphere, despite evidence from the aviation sphere suggesting that such calculations can be accurate. It explains why regulatory calculations that predict the reliability of new airframes cannot work in principle, and then it explains why those calculations work in practice. It then builds on this explanation to argue that the means by which engineers manage reliability in aviation is highly domain-specific, and to suggest how a more nuanced understanding of jetliners could inform debates about nuclear energy.  相似文献   

Expertise,Regulatory Science and the Evaluation of Technology and Risk: Introduction to the Special Issue     

David Demortain 《Minerva》2017,55(2):139-159

Regulating technologies, innovations and risks is an activity that, as much as scientific research needs proofs and evidence. It is the site of development of a distinct kind of science, regulatory science. This special issue addresses the question of the standards of knowledge governing how we test, assess and monitor technologies and their effects. This topic is relevant and timely in the light of problematics of regulation of innovation, regulatory failure and capture. Given the enormous decisions and stakes regulatory science commends, it becomes crucial to ask where its standards come from and gain credibility, but also what valuations of technology and appreciations of their risks or benefits do they embed, and who controls them? This paper introduces the four contributions comprising the special issue, and outlines a perspective from which to question the construction of regulatory science or, in the terminology adopted here, the authorization and standardization of regulatory knowledge, particularly the role of networks of scientific experts therein.  相似文献   

Stretching and Challenging the Boundaries of Law: Varieties of Knowledge in Biotechnologies Regulation     

Alex Faulkner  Lonneke Poort 《Minerva》2017,55(2):209-228

The paper addresses the question of adaptation of existing regulatory frameworks in the face of innovation in biotechnologies, and specifically the roles played in this by various expert knowledge practices. We identify two overlapping ideal types of adaptation: first, the stretching and maintenance of a pre-existing legal framework, and second, a breaking of existing classifications and establishment of a novel regime. We approach this issue by focusing on varieties of regulatory knowledge which, contributing to and parting of political legitimacy, in principle enable the making of legally binding decisions about risks and benefits of technologies. We base the discussion around two case studies, one of animal biotechnology ethical regulation, the other of ‘advanced therapy’ medicinal product regulation, both in the context of European Union frameworks. Specifically, we explore the knowledge configurations constituting expert committees and other institutional formations of expert regulatory knowledge in their political context. We show that where sectoral and moral boundaries are challenged, different modes of regulatory knowledge beyond scientific forms – legal, procedural, moral, economic and industrial – can shape regulatory innovations either by maintenance of regimes through commensuration and stretching, or through differentiation and separation creating new frameworks. We conclude that establishing an essential techno-scientific difference between pre-existing and novel technologies does not in itself require new regulatory structures, and that the regulatory strategy that is followed will be determined by a combination of different forms of knowledge.  相似文献   

Nudging museums attendance: a field experiment with high school teens     

Patrizia Lattarulo  Marco Mariani  Laura Razzolini 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2017,41(3):259-277

This paper reports results from a field experiment conducted to study the effect of incentives offered to high school teens to motivate them to visit art museums. A vast literature exists on the design of incentives to modify the behavior of firms and consumers, but not much is known about incentives offered to adolescents and young adults to affect their cultural consumption behavior. Students in the first treatment receive a flier with basic information and opening hours of a main museum in Florence, Italy—Palazzo Vecchio. Students in the second treatment receive the flier and a short presentation conducted by an art expert about the exhibit; students in the third treatment, in addition to the flier and the presentation, receive also a non-financial reward in the form of extra-credit points toward their school grade. The analysis yields two main findings. First, non-financial reward is more effective at inducing the students to undertake the encouraged visit than either the simple presentation or the basic information with the flier. Second, over a longer time horizon the non-financial reward does not induce a significant change in behavior with respect to the simple presentation.  相似文献   

On the role of cultural participation in tourism destination performance: an assessment using robust conditional efficiency approach     

Calogero Guccio  Domenico Lisi  Marco Martorana  Anna Mignosa 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2017,41(2):129-154

The relationship between culture and tourism has been widely investigated from different perspectives. A large strand of literature studies the role of cultural heritage to attract tourists, while a rich bulk of studies on cultural participation investigates the impact of tourism flows on the demand for culture. Another aspect worth investigating relates to the link between cultural participation and the performance of tourism destinations (TDs), as a higher cultural participation in an area could boost the performance in the management of tourism resources. However, so far, this issue has been disregarded in the literature, and this paper aims at filling this gap. Specifically, it studies the effect of cultural participation on TDs’ performance using a conditional efficiency approach that ensures robust inference on the role of environmental factors. We employ data on the Italian regions for the period 2004–2010, and we explore the role of cultural participation for tourism by using several indicators. Our findings offer empirical support to the positive role of cultural participation and, thus, suggest that public cultural policies might also boost the efficiency of the tourism sector.  相似文献   

Economics of cultural tourism: issues and perspectives     

Douglas S. Noonan  Ilde Rizzo 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2017,41(2):95-107

The special issue aims at exploring, with an economic perspective, the interconnections between cultural participation, in all its expressions, and tourism organization and patterns with the purpose of understanding economic effects, emerging trends and policy implications. The expanding notion of the cultural consumption of tourists makes the definition of cultural tourism increasingly elusive. Empirical investigations of the relationships between cultural participation and cultural heritage and tourism offer interesting hints in many directions. This introduction briefly overviews the premise of this special issue, the literature and the several perspectives taken by the included articles. Aside from their cultural topics—general, intangible or temporary—these essays all tackle some important economic dimensions of tourism. We encourage cultural economists to invest more in these fascinating areas as more than just intellectual tourists.  相似文献   

高原体能训练对我国高水平优秀篮球运动员身体机能与形态的影响研究     

卓金源  吴赵昭  徐旻霄  罗安民  王卫星  赵杰修  米靖 《北京体育大学学报》2017,40(3):93-100

摘要：以2015年中国男篮高原期间体能训练为研究对象,在高原训练过程中对中国男篮队员进行体能训练干预并进行追踪测试,并对高原前后身体机能与身体形态的变化进行深入研究,以期对高水平篮球运动员的高原体能训练进行科学化探索。方法：使用韩国Bio Space公司Inbody3.0体成分测试仪分别在上高原和下高原前测试身体成分;使用贝克曼库尔特公司GEN.S血细胞分析仪等仪器分别在上高原、高原中和下高原前测试身体机能。结果： HB、RBC和HCT在高原训练后都发生了显著的变化（P<0.01）;BUN与CK呈现先升高、再降低趋势;T与C则先降低、后升高;T/C则呈逐步上升趋势,但无显著性差异;身体成分中除了脂肪含量、腰臀比和体脂百分比有显著降低外（P<0.05）,其他指标没有显著变化（P>0.05）。结论： 1）高原体能训练可以显著提高篮球运动员血液携氧能力,这种能力在高原训练第11天的测试中发现有明显的提高,并于第21天达到非常显著水平。因此要改善篮球运动员机能水平,高原体能训练应至少持续21天。2）BUN和CK呈先上升后下降的趋势,且与高原体能训练负荷量的变化密切相关,因此BUN和CK可以作为今后高原体能训练负荷量控制的参考指标。3）T和C呈先下降后上升趋势,T/C则呈升高趋势,说明此次高原训练负荷安排科学合理,运动员没有发生疲劳现象,机体合成代谢能力得到提高。4）高原体能训练可以降低篮球运动员的体脂含量,但对肌肉围度的影响则与高原训练的高度、形式及负荷有关。5）此次高原体能训练模式可以作为其他高水平篮球队进行高原体能训练的参考。  相似文献   

成人学习与教育提升健康与幸福,促进社会和谐发展——专访联合国教科文组织终身学习研究所亚历山德鲁·盖纳博士     

亚历山德鲁&#;盖纳  吴亚婕  王默 《北京广播电视大学学报》2017,22(3)

世界各国均已认识到,成人学习与教育在促进健康和幸福、劳动力市场、社会包容和共同体生活等方面发挥着重要作用.与此同时,全球公民一致认为教育是一种人权,自身也存在一种价值.成人学习与教育能给个体公民、家庭和共同体带来好处.成人学习与教育帮助公民在公民社会和政治生活中变得更加活跃、多样性包容、更多环境问题意识.它还能促进从艺术到精神层面的文化发展,帮助公民在塑造社会的过程中更加多才多艺和足智多谋.我们有幸对联合国教科文组织终身学习研究所亚历山德鲁·盖纳(Alexandru Gaina)博士进行了专访,分享其对成人学习与教育方面的思考与见解.亚历山德鲁·盖纳博士满腔热情地关注健康、幸福和跨领域问题,特别强调成人学习和教育在这些领域的作用,促成全球、区域和国家层面的利益相关者协同解决全球关注的问题,实现共同目标.目前,盖纳博士是联合国教科文组织终身学习研究所成人学习和教育团队成员,其主要任务之一是组织第六届成人教育国际大会的中期回顾会议(Mid-Term Review of the Sixth International Conference on Adult Learning and Education,CONFINTEA-VI Mid-Term Review).  相似文献   

构建柔性化和谐高职学生宿舍人际关系     

吴轲威 《包头职业技术学院学报》2017,18(1)

宿舍是学生生活、休息、学习、娱乐的重要场所.和谐的宿舍人际关系对于学生成长与发展具有不可替代的重要作用.目前的高职院校学生宿舍人际关系存在着一些不和谐因素,这不仅影响了学生的学习生活和身心健康,也给高职院校学生管理工作带来了困难.构建柔性化和谐的高职学生宿舍人际关系,就要让柔性化的思想政治教育进宿舍、专业化的心理健康教育进宿舍、多样化的文化活动进宿舍.  相似文献   

基于门限模型下经济增长的最优居民收入份额研究     

李林汉  吴一凡 《保定学院学报》2017,30(5)

提高居民收入份额可以刺激消费,带动经济增长,是当前重振经济的重要手段.但过高的居民收入份额会影响政府和企业在经济体系中的作用,造成经济体系失衡.因此居民收入份额存在合理区间.通过分析1978—2015年经济数据,建立门限回归模型,得出居民收入份额合理区间为46.01%~48.30%,并对当前居民收入份额低于合理区间的情况提出建立政府干预市场的合理机制、完善社会保障制度和改善绩效工资制度、控制投资过快增长、调整出口政策以及改善居民收入分配构成的建议.  相似文献