短跑和中长跑运动员跳深实验中支撑时间特征的研究          下载免费PDF全文

许汪宇  潘其乐  蔡广 《体育科研》2019,(6):98-102

目的：从运动员选材角度探讨短跑和中长跑项目运动员在跳深实验中支撑时间的特征,为支撑时间应用于田径运动员选材提供依据。方法：以上海市一、二线短跑和中长跑共84名运动员为研究对象。所有研究对象均进行身高、体重、跳深实验测试,分组研究两项目运动员支撑时间特征。结果：短跑男子优秀组最快和平均支撑时间都快于一般组（P＜0.05）,女子优秀组最快和平均支撑时间也都快于一般组（P＞0.05）,中长跑组也表现基本一致的趋势;项目之间进行比较也基本表现出一致性趋势,也就是短跑组最快和平均支撑时间基本快于相同运动等级中长跑组（P＞0.05）。结论：支撑时间在短跑和中长跑项目中具有明显的项目特征和等级特征,可以应用于短跑或中长跑项目选材。  相似文献   

No effect of acute and chronic supramaximal exercise on circulating levels of the myokine SPARC     

Preeyaphorn Songsorn  José Ruffino 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(4):447-452

Myokines may play a role in the health benefits of regular physical activity. Secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a pleiotropic myokine that has been shown to be released into the bloodstream by skeletal muscle in response to aerobic exercise. As there is evidence suggesting that SPARC release may be linked to glycogen breakdown and activation of 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, we hypothesised that brief supramaximal exercise may also be associated with increased serum SPARC levels. In the present study, 10 participants (3 women; mean?±?SD age: 21?±?3 y, body mass index (BMI): 22?±?3?kg?m^?2, and V˙O_2max: 39?±?6?mL?kg^?1?min^?1) performed an acute bout of supramaximal cycle exercise (20-s Wingate sprint against 7.5% of body mass, with a 1-min warm-up and a 3-min cool-down consisting of unloaded cycling). Serum SPARC levels were determined pre-exercise as well as 0, 15, and 60?min post-exercise and corrected for plasma volume change. To determine whether regular exercise affected the acute SPARC response, participants repeated the acute exercise protocol three times per week for four weeks, and serum SPARC response to supramaximal exercise was reassessed after this period. Acute supramaximal exercise significantly decreased plasma volume (?10%; p?<?.001), but was not associated with a significant change in serum SPARC levels at either the pre-training or post-training testing sessions. In conclusion, in contrast to aerobic exercise, a single brief supramaximal cycle sprint is not associated with an increase in serum SPARC levels, suggesting that SPARC release is not related to skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown.  相似文献   

Light-load maximal lifting velocity full squat training program improves important physical and skill characteristics in futsal players     

Julio Torres-Torrelo  Juan José González-Badillo 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(10):967-975

This study aimed to compare the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training or combined resistance training and change of direction exercises on physical performance and motor skills in futsal players. Thirty-four futsal players were divided into full squat group (SG, n = 12), combined full squat and change of direction exercises group (S+CDG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 10). The resistance training for SG consisted of full squat with low load (~45–58% 1RM) and low volume (4–6 repetitions), whereas the S+CDG performed the same resistance training program combined with loaded change of direction. Sprint time in 10 and 20 m, change of direction test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) height, maximal strength and force–velocity relationship in full squat exercise, kicking speed ball (BS_mean) and repeated sprint ability (RSA_mean) were selected as testing variables. Both experimental groups showed significant improvements for CMJ, BS_mean and all strength parameters. Only SG resulted in significant sprint gains, whereas S+CDG also achieved significant improvements in RSA_mean. The CG remained unchanged after training period. No significant differences were found between both experimental groups. These findings suggest that only 12 sessions of either lightweight resistance training alone, lifting the load at maximal intended velocity or combined with change of direction exercises is enough to improve several physical and skills capacities critical to futsal performance in adult players.  相似文献   

Circadian rhythm effect on physical tennis performance in trained male players     

Álvaro López-Samanes  Diego Moreno-Pérez  José L. Maté-Muñoz  Raúl Domínguez  Jesús G. Pallarés  Ricardo Mora-Rodriguez 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(21):2121-2128

To determine the effect of circadian rhythm on neuromuscular responses and kinematics related to physical tennis performance, after a standardised warm-up, 13 highly competitive male tennis players were tested twice for serve velocity/accuracy (SVA), countermovement vertical jump (CMJ), isometric handgrip strength (IS), agility T-test (AGIL) and a 10-m sprint (10-m RUN). In a randomised, counter-balance order, tennis players underwent the test battery twice, either in the morning (i.e., AM; 9:00 h) and in the afternoon (i.e., PM; 16:30 h). Paired t-tests were used to analyse differences due to time-of-day in performance variables. Comparison of morning versus afternoon testing revealed that SVA (168.5 ± 6.5 vs. 175.2 ± 6.1 km · h^?1; P = 0.003; effect size [ES] = 1.07), CMJ (32.2 ± 0.9 vs. 33.7 ± 1.1 cm; P = 0.018; ES = 1.46), AGIL (10.14 ± 0.1 vs. 9.91 ± 0.2 s; P = 0.007; ES = 1.23) and 10-m RUN time (1.74 ± 0.1 vs. 1.69 ± 0.1 s; P = 0.021; ES = 0.67) were significantly blunted during the morning testing. However, IS was not affected by time-of-day (P = 0.891). Thus, tennis performance may be reduced when competing in the morning in comparison to early evening. Therefore, coaches and tennis players should focus on schedule the SVA, power, speed and agility training sessions in the afternoon.  相似文献   

江苏省女子短跑成绩实现突破的研究     

钱健 《辽宁体育科技》2008,30(1):44-45

对江苏省女子短跑成绩实现突破的原因进行研究。结果表明：合理的选材、科学化训练、科学的管理。决策、管理,训练三位一体的组织保障,围绕短跑项目特征及训练规律开展科学研究是提高短跑成绩的主要原因。  相似文献   

短跑运动员肌肉能量消耗与肌肉损伤的研究     

陈丽英 《体育科学研究》2009,13(4):57-59

通过查阅国内相关文献资料,分析了短跑运动能量消耗的基本规律。由于短跑技术动作的不规范、缺乏准备活动或准备不充分、肌肉的紧张、全程节奏紊乱、肌肉柔韧性差、过度紧张的心理,造成了运动员身体能量的大量消耗,致使能量不足而出现肌肉损伤现象。并由此论述短跑运动员肌肉能量消耗与肌肉损伤的相关机理,提出了有利于运动员能量储备的训练方法。  相似文献   

我国优秀短距离速滑运动员速度素质训练的特征     

陈月亮  李洪志 《冰雪运动》2009,31(6):1-4

探索短距离速滑教练员对速度素质的理论认识与训练特征,对解决运动员在比赛中的后程降速问题具有有益的参考和借鉴。采用文献资料法、问卷调查法和观察法对我国短距离速滑速度训练特征进行了研究,发现教练员对短距离速滑速度训练的理论认识没有真正转化为实践行为;优秀短距离速滑运动员速度素质训练手段选择在陆上准备期、冰上准备期和竞赛期具有不同,但只有在竞赛期速度训练才可以真正称得上是专项速度训练;短距离速滑速度训练中教练员主要采用重复训练、变换训练法和间歇训练等方法,在速度训练的基本要求上88.2%教练员所采用的速度训练与专项技术相结合,在速度训练强度的安排上38.2%教练员每次训练都要求最大强度,50%的教练员少数要求最大强度,11.8%的教练员不要求最大强度。  相似文献   

论10～12岁少儿游泳运动员准备期耐力训练与速度训练相结合方法     

张广联 《体育科技》2009,30(1)

如何搞好少儿游泳运动员的基础训练,特别是准备期训练是教练员们所关心的问题。试图通过研究,找出合理安排游泳运动员训练准备期的方法,为其打下良好的基础。  相似文献   

Phase analysis in maximal sprinting: an investigation of step-to-step technical changes between the initial acceleration,transition and maximal velocity phases     

Hans C. von Lieres und Wilkau  Gareth Irwin  Neil E. Bezodis  Scott Simpson  Ian N. Bezodis 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2020,19(2):141-156

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate spatiotemporal and kinematic changes between the initial acceleration, transition and maximum velocity phases of a sprint. Sagittal plane kinematics from five experienced sprinters performing 50-m maximal sprints were collected using six HD-video cameras. Following manual digitising, spatiotemporal and kinematic variables at touchdown and toe-off were calculated. The start and end of the transition phase were identified using the step-to-step changes in centre of mass height and segment angles. Mean step-to-step changes of spatiotemporal and kinematic variables during each phase were calculated. Firstly, the study showed that if sufficient trials are available, step-to-step changes in shank and trunk angles might provide an appropriate measure to detect sprint phases in applied settings. However, given that changes in centre of mass height represent a more holistic measure, this was used to sub-divide the sprints into separate phases. Secondly, during the initial acceleration phase large step-to-step changes in touchdown kinematics were observed compared to the transition phase. At toe-off, step-to-step kinematic changes were consistent across the initial acceleration and transition phases before plateauing during the maximal velocity phase. These results provide coaches and practitioners with valuable insights into key differences between phases in maximal sprinting.  相似文献   

Changes in mechanical properties of sprinting during repeated sprint in elite rugby sevens athletes     

Pedro Jiménez-Reyes  Matt Cross  Alex Ross  Pierre Samozino  Matt Brughelli  Nicholas Gill 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(5):585-594

This study aimed to analyse fatigue-induced changes in mechanical sprinting properties during a specific repeated-sprint test in elite rugby sevens athletes. Twenty elite rugby sevens players performed ten 40?m sprints on a 30?s cycle with participant’s running back and forth in a marked lane. Radar was used to assess maximal overground sprint performance over each 40?m. Macroscopic mechanical properties (maximal horizontal force (F₀), maximal horizontal power (P_max), maximal ratio of horizontal force (RF_peak), decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-total force (D_RF), total force and maximal sprinting velocity (v₀)) were drawn from horizontal force velocity relationships, using a validated method applied to the speed–time data. Fatigue-induced changes were analysed comparing the first sprint to an average of 2^nd-4^th, 5^th-7^th and 8^th-10^th. Repeated-sprint ability (RSA) testing induced substantial changes in the maximal velocity component, with a decrease (–15%) in v₀ (effect size (ES)?=?–2.46 to –4.98), and to a lower extent (–5.9%) in the maximal force component F₀ (ES?=?–0.59). D_RF moderately decreased (14%; ES=–0.76–1.11), and RF_peak largely decreased in the later sprints (ES?=?–0.32 to –1.27). Fatigue observed in this RSA test appeared to have a greater effect on the technical ability to produce horizontal force at high velocities, likely due to an alteration in the ability to maintain horizontally oriented force application when velocity increases rather than during the initial acceleration phase, but also the overall force production capacity. The ability to maintain forward-oriented force at high velocities is of central importance for identifying fatigue and monitoring load.  相似文献