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Shubham Goel Ravinder Kumar Munish Kumar Vikram Chopra 《Information processing & management》2019,56(3):1053-1066
In the whole world, the internet is exercised by millions of people every day for information retrieval. Even for a small to smaller task like fixing a fan, to cook food or even to iron clothes persons opt to search the web. To fulfill the information needs of people, there are billions of web pages, each having a different degree of relevance to the topic of interest (TOI), scattered throughout the web but this huge size makes manual information retrieval impossible. The page ranking algorithm is an integral part of search engines as it arranges web pages associated with a queried TOI in order of their relevance level. It, therefore, plays an important role in regulating the search quality and user experience for information retrieval. PageRank, HITS, and SALSA are well-known page ranking algorithm based on link structure analysis of a seed set, but ranking given by them has not yet been efficient. In this paper, we propose a variant of SALSA to give sNorm(p) for the efficient ranking of web pages. Our approach relies on a p-Norm from Vector Norm family in a novel way for the ranking of web pages as Vector Norms can reduce the impact of low authority weight in hub weight calculation in an efficient way. Our study, then compares the rankings given by PageRank, HITS, SALSA, and sNorm(p) to the same pages in the same query. The effectiveness of the proposed approach over state of the art methods has been shown using performance measurement technique, Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR), Precision, Mean Average Precision (MAP), Discounted Cumulative Gain (DCG) and Normalized DCG (NDCG). The experimentation is performed on a dataset acquired after pre-processing of the results collected from initial few pages retrieved for a query by the Google search engine. Based on the type and amount of in-hand domain expertise 30 queries are designed. The extensive evaluation and result analysis are performed using MRR, [email protected], MAP, DCG, and NDCG as the performance measuring statistical metrics. Furthermore, results are statistically verified using a significance test. Findings show that our approach outperforms state of the art methods by attaining 0.8666 as MRR value, 0.7957 as MAP value. Thus contributing to the improvement in the ranking of web pages more efficiently as compared to its counterparts. 相似文献
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The “free” in “free software” refers to a cluster of four specific freedoms identified by the Free Software Definition. The
first freedom, termed “Freedom Zero,” intends to protect the right of the user to deploy software in whatever fashion, towards
whatever end, he or she sees fit. But software may be used to achieve ethically questionable ends. This highlights a tension
in the provision of software freedoms: while the definition explicitly forbids direct restrictions on users’ freedoms, it
does not address other means by which software may indirectly restrict freedoms. In particular, ethically-inflected debate
has featured prominently in the discussion of restrictions on digital rights management and privacy-violating code in version
3 of the GPL (GPLv3). The discussion of this proposed language revealed the spectrum of ethical positions and valuations held
by members of the free software community. In our analysis, we will provide arguments for upholding Freedom Zero; we embed
the problem of possible uses of software in the broader context of the uses of scientific knowledge, and go on to argue that
the provision of Freedom Zero mitigates against too great a moral burden—of anticipating possible uses of software—being placed
on the programmer and that, most importantly, it facilitates deliberative discourse in the free software community. 相似文献
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Neelima Chopra 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2012,20(2):159-174
Early years is the period of rapid physical and mental growth wherein the foundation for the child's development is laid and therefore, these years are considered extremely critical for the overall development of the child. Given the critical significance of these early childhood years, it is imperative for every child to get the opportunity to develop in a stimulating environment. The early childhood programmes provide this stimulating environment to the children. Extensive research evidence indicates towards the positive impact of early intervention and both short-term and long-term gains of an early childhood programme. However, mere participation in an early childhood programme is not sufficient. The quality of the programme attended by the children at this stage is also crucial. The various provisions provided by the programme to the children determine the quality of an early childhood programme. Curriculum seems to be the basic variable that influences the provisions provided to children in an Early Childhood Care and Education programme and in turn determines the quality of the programmes for children. This article is an attempt to study the variability of provisions provided and curriculum implemented in different early childhood programmes. 相似文献
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This paper challenges constructions of the ‘gendered illiterate Indian villager’ as a homogenous group of people who are empowered through acquiring literacy. I strive to displace homogeneous representations of gendered ‘illiterate’ subjects through ethnographic accounts of diverse people's realities in different villages in Bihar, India. I argue that the circumstance under which a relationship between gendered adult education subjects and adult education programmes gets constructed impinges on notions of: norms, interpreting and translating Others, networks and empowerment within and outside the context of adult education programmes. 相似文献
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Priti Chopra 《Compare》2014,44(3):335-355
This paper draws on ethnographic vignettes in an Indian rights-based approach to adult education programmes in order to examine the contestations and negotiations of facilitators in interface situations involving programme capacity building, monitoring and evaluation practice. The paper proposes that making visible the hegemonic nature of relationships between different adult education actors is critical to engendering democratic participation in adult education. It explores conditions of possibility for democratic participation in adult education in terms of (1) conceptualising empowerment as self-representation and autonomy; and (2) interrogating one’s identity through self-deconstruction as an ethical responsibility and commitment to equity and social justice. This analysis has implications for informing and enhancing democratic participation in adult education capacity building, monitoring and evaluation processes. 相似文献
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Claims about the potential of free software to reform the production and distribution of software are routinely countered
by skepticism that the free software community fails to engage the pragmatic and economic ‘realities’ of a software industry.
We argue to the contrary that contemporary business and economic trends definitively demonstrate the financial viability of
an economy based on free software. But the argument for free software derives its true normative weight from social justice
considerations: the evaluation of the basis for a software economy should be guided by consideration of the social and cultural
states which are the ultimate goals of any economic arrangement. That is, the software economy should be evaluated in light
of its ability to provide justice. We conclude with a discussion of possible avenues for reform. 相似文献
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Craig Callender Steve Fuller Katherine Neal Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent David Turnbull Otávio Bueno Jerry Ravetz Alan Chalmers Peter Harrison Keith Benson Jonathan Simon Margaret D. Garber Samir Chopra Henry Chan Elizabeth Toon Philip Catton Brendan Larvor Kylie Valentine Alan C. Love Donna April Chua Sy Brian W. Ogilvie James Maclaurin William C. Summers Arthur B. Markman John T. Vallance 《Metascience》2002,11(1):43-138