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1.
Thomas G. Dunn Christine A. Taylor 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1990,38(2):5-18
This paper describes the use of learning-hierarchy analysis in studies of expertise. A hierarchical analysis was carried out
on expertise in language-arts teacher planning for a short story. The resulting hierarchy depicted a complex pattern of prerequisite
intellectual skills integrating knowledge of students, reading difficulty, strategies/activities, and the author (Stephen
Crane). Of particular interest was that each branch of the hierarchy included “fuzzy sets,” that is, complex conceptual knowledge
that experts were usually unable to explain. All elements in the hierarchy were capabilities learned from experience as opposed
to direct instruction. It was recommended that advice-strategies developed from hierarchical analysis could be used to facilitate
the development of expertise. These strategies do not teach expertise directly but encourage the learner to glean the most
from task-relevant experience. 相似文献
2.
Educational Psychology Review - We present the results of a meta-analytic synthesis of the literature on the association between the use of frequent low-stakes quizzes in real classes and... 相似文献
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J.C. Dunn 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1973,295(2):117-133
If T maps a convex domain DT into itself, and if {ωn} is a real sequence with range in (0, 1] then the recursive averaging process, generates a sequence {x?n}; with range in DT. Under suitable conditions on DT, T and {ωn} the sequence {x?n} will converge in some sense to a fixed point of T. We prove that if DT is a closed convex subset of a complex Hilbert space H, if Tω = (1 ? ω) I + ωT is a strict contraction for some ω ? (0, 1], and if {ωn} satisfies the conditions, and then, for arbitrary ξ ? DT, {x?n} converges strongly to (the unique) fixed point of T. We also prove that if DT and {ωn} satisfy the foregoing conditions, if T has at least one fixed point, and if Tω is non-expansive for some ω ? (0, 1], then for all ξ ? DT, {x?n} converges at least weakly to some fixed point of T. Finally, we apply these results to linear equations involving bounded normal operators and obtain an extension of the classical Neumann operator series. 相似文献
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Epistemology of Visual Thinking in Elementary Real Analysis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
7.
On the relationship between environmental management, environmental innovation and patenting: Evidence from German manufacturing firms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyses empirically the relationship between environmental innovations, environmental management and patenting. In particular it tests a number of propositions on how environmental management systems and the interaction with environmentally more or less concerned stakeholders are associated with the probability of firms to pursue innovation in general (measured as patenting behaviour) and specifically environmental innovation (measured based on firm self-assessment and through patent data). In applying a negative binomial as well as binary discrete choice models the relationship is studied using data on German manufacturing firms. As a novel and important insight, the study finds that environmental innovation can be meaningfully identified using patent data and that environmental innovation defined this way is less ubiquitous than self-reported environmental innovation. It also reveals that the implementation level of environmental management systems has a positive effect exclusively on environmental process innovation, whereas it is negatively associated with the level of a firms’ general patenting activities. For environmental product innovation and patented environmental innovations a positive relationship with environmentally concerned and a negative link with environmentally neutral stakeholders is found. 相似文献
8.
Real options analysis was often recommended as an emerging valuation technique for high-risk investment projects. Former inter-sectoral surveys have drawn an ambivalent picture of real options usage in general. In addition, there is a lack of sector-specific investigations. In the following article the results of an in-depth analysis of collected empirical data regarding the application of this new tool in the pharmaceutical sector is presented by capturing the internal view from the pharmaceutical companies themselves and the external view from the health care departments of financial service firms. R&D stage specific modi of application, reasons for reluctance in the employment of real options and their assumed future prospects are elucidated. 相似文献
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