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中超联赛自2017赛季推出U23新政以来备受争议。在"上有政策下有对策"的非合作博弈下，U23新政如何才能实现政策初衷?该文首次采用不完全信息静态博弈模型分析了U23新政下足协与俱乐部的博弈均衡。研究表明：（1）足协推行新政的最优概率为俱乐部采取积极策略给足协带来的净收益与消极策略带来的净收益之比，实质上取决于俱乐部的遵从度。（2）在缺乏讨价还价权时，俱乐部对新政采取消极应对策略是为了减少净损失。俱乐部积极应对的最优概率为消极应对的净损失占其与积极应对的加成即期收益损失之和的比值，实为两害相权取其轻。为激励俱乐部采取积极策略，应降低俱乐部消极应对策略的净收益或积极应对策略的加成即期收益。（3）提高U23新政有效性的治标之策是减少U23政策对中下游球队的冲击，实行有差别的U23政策；对U23球员上场时间低于均值的俱乐部，实行等额或超额递减分成机制。治本之策是培育一个可预期、可持续、可盈利的足球市场，俱乐部能够内生出建立百年基业的长效机制；继续深化足协的去行政化改革，使之向完全社团法人转型。 相似文献
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汉代循吏在历史上是颇具人格魅力的一批官员。他们在注重发展地方经济、关心百姓疾苦、积极传播儒家文化的同时,还以身作则,清正廉洁,遵守法律,深得朝廷的认可和百姓的尊敬与爱戴。 相似文献
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This article develops a general framework to describe the changes in university IPR regulations in Europe and their effects on the patenting activities of universities and on knowledge transfer processes. Understanding the effects of changes in IPR regulations on academic patenting is a complex issue, and parallels with the US case can be misleading. First, despite the general trend towards institutional ownership, university IPR regulations in Europe remain extremely differentiated and there is no one-to-one mapping to the US system. Second, it is difficult to disentangle the quantitative and qualitative effects of changes in IPR ownership regulations on academic patenting activities from the effects of concurrent transformations in the institutional, cultural and organizational landscape surrounding academic knowledge transfer. The article proposes a review and typological classification of national university IPR ownership systems on the basis of their development since 2000, and uses it to analyze the aggregate dynamics of academic patent ownership in several European countries. The analysis of patterns of ownership of academic patents shows that there has been a general increase in university patenting since 1990, with a significant slowdown (and even reduction in some countries) after early 2000s accompanied by a switch in academic patents ownership in favor of university ownership though preserving the European specificity of high company ownership of academic invented patents. 相似文献
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International knowledge spillovers, especially through multinational companies (MNCs), have recently been a major topic of discussion among academics and practitioners. Most research in this field focuses on knowledge sharing activities of MNC subsidiaries. Relatively little is known about their capabilities for protecting valuable knowledge from spilling over to host country competitors. We extend this stream of research by investigating both formal protection strategies (e.g. patenting) as well as strategic ones (secrecy, lead time, complex design). We conceptualize the breadth of firm's knowledge protection strategies and relate it to the particular situation of MNC subsidiaries. Moreover, we argue that their approaches differ with regard to host country challenges and opportunities. We address these issues empirically, based on a harmonized survey of innovation activities of more than 1800 firms located in Portugal and Germany. We find evidence that MNCs prefer broader sets of knowledge protection strategies in a host country with fewer opportunities for knowledge sourcing (Portugal). In Germany, though, they opt for narrower sets of knowledge protection strategies if they invest in innovation activities themselves. We deduce that these results are due to a need for reciprocity in knowledge exchanges to benefit fully from promising host country knowledge flows. 相似文献
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Keld Laursen 《Research Policy》2010,39(5):687-697
This paper investigates the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) related knowledge flows for international market shares. Using bibliometric data on scientific publications, we analyse the relationship between the strength of 14 OECD countries in four ICT-related scientific fields and the ability of those countries to maintain and acquire export market shares in the OECD market, across 16 manufacturing industries over the period 1981-2003. We find that domestic and foreign ICT-related scientific knowledge flows have a positive and significant impact on export market shares in ICT industries, while only domestic flows positively affect export shares in non-ICT industries. We also find that small open economies benefit more than other countries from foreign knowledge flows both in ICT and in non-ICT industries. 相似文献
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对参加2007年全国U-15春训的足球教练员进行调查和访谈,从年龄结构、学历结构、岗位培训、运动经历和执教时间等方面进行了分析,力图全面、客观地了解我国U-15青少年足球教练员的现状及其面临的主要问题,并在此基础上提出改进的意见。 相似文献
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This study estimates the value of the private and public benefits that accrue to Minnesota residents from state government subsidies to higher education. In 2005, the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system received $832 million from Minnesota's state government to support educational programs. These subsidies allow these institutions to offer lower tuition rates, increasing the number of Minnesotans with bachelor and graduate degrees. We calculate that removing these subsidies would eventually lead to 14,000 fewer graduate degree holders in Minnesota, and reduce those with bachelor's degrees or “some college” by 42,000. The annual economic cost of these subsidies is about $326 million; this is less than annual state appropriations because most of those appropriations are income transfers from taxpayers to students, not an economic cost. We estimate that the annual value of the benefits of these subsidies is between $531 and $786 million ($381 and $570 million) when a 3% (5%) discount rate is used. We also discuss some of the income distribution consequences. 相似文献
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