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科学推理是科学思维的核心内容,是21世纪技能的关键要素。如何有效评价学生的科学推理能力是当前国内外科学教育研究的重要议题。目前较为成熟的科学推理能力评价工具多为纸笔测试,主要围绕科学推理能力的部分要素进行针对性测评,难以达成一个兼具系统性和综合性的评价结果。在人工智能、心理测量以及认知神经科学等领域的最新发展支持下,国外关于科学推理能力的评价研究也逐渐呈现出多元化的发展趋势。然而,我国在相关研究领域中还处于初步探索阶段,主要对国外测评工具进行译介和本土化应用。通过德尔菲法开展两轮专家意见征询,采用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,构建出适合我国学生的科学推理能力评价指标,既综合考虑了科学推理能力的本质特征以及当前我国新课改对学生学科素养的发展要求,又直接指向了课堂教学中的实际需求,最终形成了包含3个一级指标、8个二级指标和20个三级指标的科学推理能力评价体系。采用模糊综合评判法进行初步试用,该评价体系具有较高的信效度,能够全面、系统地测量学生科学推理能力各方面的发展情况,有助于促进我国学生科学素养评价研究的创新和发展。 相似文献
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近年来研究表明,自我意识情绪影响个体在道德情境下进行道德推理的过程,移情作为内化的道德取向对道德行为选择和道德价值取向有显著的影响,适度体验羞耻、内疚和自豪的个体,道德推理和决策都倾向于亲社会。文章主要从以上几个方面揭示情绪在道德推理中的作用,旨在更加深入的理解道德推理的发展。 相似文献
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近年来研究表明,自我意识情绪影响个体在道德情境下进行道德推理的过程,移情作为内化的道德取向对道德行为选择和道德价值取向有显著的影响,适度体验羞耻、内疚和自豪的个体,道德推理和决策都倾向于亲社会。文章主要从以上几个方面揭示情绪在道德推理中的作用,旨在更加深入的理解道德推理的发展。 相似文献
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在大学英语学习中,听力是非常重要的一个方面,也是最难掌握的一项内容。造成学生听力学习比较困难的原因很多,比如缺乏语音知识、掌握的词汇量较少等,其中非常主要的一个原因是缺乏听力学习策略。要想提高大学英语听力水平,必须发展预测和推理能力。本文简要分析了在大学英语听力学习中发展预测和推理能力的策略,希望可以提供一些有价值的参考意见。 相似文献
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李留涛 《佳木斯教育学院学报》2014,(3):354-355
词汇推理是二语阅读中关键的环节之一。本文从读者因素和篇章因素两个方面对影响词汇推理的因素展开分析,读者因素从二语习得者的词汇知识、对主题的熟悉程度和二语习得者的语言水平三个主要方面来展开讨论;篇章因素主要从生词因素和语境因素这两个方面展开阐述。随着未来对词汇推理研究的深入,我们将会对词汇加工的过程有更加深入的了解。 相似文献
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数学推理有两种截然不同的推理方式:原创性推理和模仿性推理.数学推理的认知成分和结构包括:阅读、分析、探索、计划、实施、验证等6个环节.原创性推理和模仿性推理的差异主要体现在阅读、分析、探索、计划这4个认知成分上,前者更注重深层理解、内在比较、再结构化、适时调整目标,后者更多采用记忆、类比、联结方式作推理动力.换句话说,原创性推理更强调思维的自主性、发散性.教师在教学中应注重学生的原创性自主思维. 相似文献
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How students view the general nature of their errors 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
John K. Lannin David D. Barker Brian E. Townsend 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2007,66(1):43-59
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Recognising critical reasoning and problem-solving as one of the key skills for twenty-first century citizenship, various types of problem contexts have been practiced in science classrooms to enhance students’ understandings and use of evidence-based thinking and justification. Good problems need to allow students to adapt and evaluate the effectiveness of their knowledge, reasoning and problem-solving strategies. When students are engaged in complex and open-ended problem tasks, it is assumed their reasoning and problem-solving paths become complex with creativity and evidence in order to justify their conclusion and solutions. This study investigated the levels of reasoning evident in student discourse when engaging in different types of problem-solving tasks and the role of teacher interactions on students’ reasoning. Fifteen students and a classroom teacher in a Grade 5–6 classroom participated in this study. Through case analyses, the study findings suggest that (a) there was no clear co-relation between certain structures of problem tasks and the level of reasoning in students’ problem-solving discourse, (b) students exhibited more data-based reasoning than evidence-based and rule-based justification in experiment-based problem-solving tasks, and (c) teacher intervention supported higher levels of student reasoning. Pedagogical reflections on the difficulties of constructing effective problem-solving tasks and the need for developing teacher scaffolding strategies are discussed. 相似文献
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关于推理能力问题的几点思考 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
推理能力的培养是义务教育教学课程的核心目标之一，推理能力主要包括合情推理与逻辑推理2种，而推理能力的培养途径是多方面的，它不仅可以通过几何的教学来实现，在代数、统计等领域中也可以进行推理的训练。在培养学生推理能力的过程中，要注重培养学生通过观察、实验、归纳、类比等获得数学猜想的能力；寻求证据，给出证明或举出反例的能力；以及有条理地表达自己思考过程的能力和用数学语言合乎逻辑地进行讨论与质疑的能力。 相似文献
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We present a multiple-choice test, the Montana State University Formal Reasoning Test (FORT), to assess college students' scientific reasoning ability. The test defines scientific reasoning to be equivalent to formal operational reasoning. It contains 20 questions divided evenly among five types of problems: control of variables, hypothesis testing, correlational reasoning, proportional reasoning, and probability. The test development process included the drafting and psychometric analysis of 23 instruments related to formal operational reasoning. These instruments were administered to almost 10,000 students enrolled in introductory science courses at American universities. Questions with high discrimination were identified and assembled into an instrument that was intended to measure the reasoning ability of students across the entire spectrum of abilities in college science courses. We present four types of validity evidence for the FORT. (a) The test has a one-dimensional psychometric structure consistent with its design. (b) Test scores in an introductory biology course had an empirical reliability of 0.82. (c) Student interviews confirmed responses to the FORT were accurate indications of student thinking. (d) A regression analysis of student learning in an introductory biology course showed that scores on the FORT predicted how well students learned one of the most challenging concepts in biology, natural selection. 相似文献
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尝试用事后口头报告法对被试完成R.APM的思维过程进行研究,结合对R.APM项目刺激特征分析进行文本编码,分析R.APM图形推理的难度等级。结果发现：（1）口语报告法与项目刺激特征分析理论的结合有助于解决该方法使用中的编码问题;（2）口语报告法在图形推理难度分析中具有可行性,但不能作为实时考察被试思维过程的方法。 相似文献
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This study investigated the effects of two context variables, ratio type and problem setting, on the performance of seventh-grade students on a qualitative and numerical proportional reasoning test. Six forms of the qualitative and numerical tests were designed, each form using a single context (one of two settings for each of three ratio types). Different ratio types appear to have a stronger impact on the difficulty of the qualitative and numerical proportional reasoning problems than small differences in problem setting. However, the familiarity of problem setting did show an increasingly large effect on qualitative reasoning as the difficulty of ratio type increased. We also investigated the nature of the relationships between rational number skills, qualitative reasoning about ratios, and numerical proportional reasoning. Qualitative reasoning appears to be sufficient, but not necessary for numerical proportional reasoning. The evidence for the requisite nature of rational number skills for proportional reasoning was equivocal. The implications of these findings for science education are discussed. 相似文献
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Mustafa Sami Topcu 《欧洲师范教育杂志》2011,34(1):99-125
The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationships among Turkish elementary student teachers’ epistemological beliefs and moral reasoning, and to determine which types of epistemological beliefs elementary student teachers exhibit. The findings of the present study demonstrated that epistemological beliefs did not make a unique contribution to moral reasoning and student teachers’ epistemological beliefs developed as more or less independent beliefs. The factor analyses results suggest that multidimensional theory is more appropriate than unidimensional theory in explaining student teachers’ epistemological beliefs. 相似文献
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从命题本身因素入手,针对命题类型对条件推理的影响设计了两个实验,分别从整体和前后件语义关系上探讨命题类型对条件推理的影响.结果发现：条件推理中存在明显整体正确内容促进效应;从前后件关系的语义表征上理解命题,条件命题成绩最好且与反条件命题、双向条件命题、非条件命题均存在显著差异;正确命题中表现出从整体理解命题对条件推理影响的优势. 相似文献
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推论(推理)是皮尔士“探究方法”的核心,教学推论是推论与教学的独特结合,其教学意义必须存在于教师与学生群体的关系中,其核心在于教学中教师如何处理学生推论的条件,即原因、规则和结果。推论有两种处理方式:(1)教师直接明确推论条件———教师对学生推论控制程度取决于明确的条件种类数;(2)教师间接控制推论条件,包括对原因、对规则和对结果三种控制行为。教学推论本质上是在技术兴趣指导下的工具性活动。 相似文献