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基因的专利问题主要是可专利性及专利性问题。在我国,基因可作为化学物质申请专利,只是在审查上应该对实用性有更高的要求。基因专利的基础就是基因资源,结合我国新修订的专利法及人类遗传资源管理暂行办法探讨基因资源的利益共享和法律保护问题。 相似文献
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中国企业生产的产品已经遍布世界各地,但中国企业生产的产品却很难获得世界范围内的产品认知感。原因在于中国企业在发展过程中并未注意形成具有自身特色的设计基因。通过对苹果公司的发展历程进行总结分析,可以发现其在产品不断的设计研发过程中对于企业设计理念的贯彻利用,最终形成了具有自身特色的企业设计基因。同时,苹果公司对其自身创新成果的专利保护策略也是极富成效。企业在产品的研发过程中应当注意形成具有自身特色的设计基因,进而利用其主导产品形成的设计基因,合理拓展其周边产品的开发。与此同时企业应当注意进行相关创新成果的专利保护。打造具有自身特色的企业设计基因是当今企业获得成功的关键所在,而合理的专利布局则能够有效地帮助企业保护其围绕企业设计基因所做出的创新成果。 相似文献
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基因编辑技术是当今非常重要的生物工程技术，在生物医药、生物环保和农业生产领域有着极其广泛的应用。文章通过对基因编辑相关专利和期刊文献的分析，从全球主要机构专利申请与发文情况、CRISPR技术专利概况、各国专利发明人的合作关系、技术流向分析、技术构成分析、主要创新主体现状等方面揭示了基因编辑技术的发展现状与趋势；并基于对CRISPR技术的专利分析及其相关重要研发机构的专利布局分析，对我国基因编辑技术在原始性技术创新、产业化进程、国际合作、全球布局等方面提出了对策与建议，为相关领域的研究人员及决策者提供参考。 相似文献
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基因技术一直游走在专利制度的边缘,当前基因专利已经走到历史的十字路口。2013年,美国最高法院最终在Myriad案中否定了分离基因的可专利性,某种程度上确立了摇摆多年的基因专利立场。而欧盟的基因专利问题在负重中前行,承认分离基因及基因检测技术可以授权。以欧美为代表的两种明显对立的基因专利立场背后,有深层的司法历史、政策考量等因素。为了达到促进技术、利益平衡和社会发展的目的,采用更高标准是基因专利的未来之路。 相似文献
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尽管大多数国家都在一定程度上承认基因具有可专利性资格,然而,基因专利保护范围的界定、可专利性审查等问题仍然是近年来争论的焦点。绝对保护与相对保护是目前各国主要采用的有关基因专利保护的两种原则,这两种原则对于基因专利保护范围的界定各有利弊,如单独适用会有失偏颇。同时,虽然相对保护主义,是在对绝对保护主义批判的基础上提出的,但是它的采用可能影响可专利性资格的确定。因此,两种原则应因情况,融合适用。 相似文献
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为进一步探明在不同时间节点上北京市发展基因编辑关键技术、相关产品、市场以及政策举措等要素的可实现性，研究绘制北京市基因编辑产业技术路线图，为基因编辑产业未来发展战略制定提供参考。采取专利分析、实地调研及德尔菲法构建基于技术路线图的产业未来发展分析框架，利用inco Pat专利数据库，通过技术专利检索明晰基因编辑技术优势与发展现状，应用前景与技术综合评价、技术主题聚类、问卷调查等方法，从政策举措、产业环境、产品、研发关键技术四方面对未来10年北京市基因编辑产业发展进行预测描绘，基于此绘制北京市2021—2031年基因编辑产业发展路线图。结果表明：北京市在植物基因编辑研究领域处于国际领先地位，但产业链条有待进一步完善；未来10年基因编辑技术实现产业化的政策环境将趋于成熟，且市场产业化优势明显；体外诊断试剂盒、治疗肿瘤的基因治疗药物、基因检测等3项产品应用前景广阔；底层技术、基因编辑技术、递送技术3类技术将成为研究热点。为此，北京应加强原创性基础研究，并尽快出台促进基因编辑产业发展相关条例，牵头制定相关标准规范，推动基因编辑产品和技术的商业化应用。 相似文献
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Richard R. Nelson 《Research Policy》2006,35(8):1107-1109
This paper builds on Teece's, 1986 paper to consider how appropriability conditions affect the ability of an industry, and the economy as a whole, to progress. In particular, it offers a careful discussion of the broader costs and benefits of patenting. Can too much appropriability actually work against the broader interests of society in fostering economic growth and technical advance in the market? 相似文献
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间隔十年,国外科研机构对我国进行了两起有据可考的基因实验,从最初的“基因采集”引起重视,到“黄金大米”的令人震惊。在全球化过程中,“生物勘测”经常演变成“生物剽窃”,其根本原因在于经济利益的追逐,“地方性知识”被掘取、生产与操控,科学场域中的资本不断聚集。具体原因有两点：其一,认识论上的“知识遮蔽”,研究者以狡猾的手段进行谋取利益的论证,信息的不对等情况出现;其二,修辞学上的身份认同,研究者的头衔和研究机构的声望博得受试者的信任,加重了对信息的遮蔽。此外,伦理审查程序的不严格、伦理审查制度的不完善使得生物勘测由物种多样性采集深入到了人体基因采集,伦理审查的弊端亟待解决。 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2022,51(7):104556
Firms use a variety of practices to disclose the knowledge generated by their R&D activities, including, but not limited to, publishing findings in scientific journals, patenting new technologies, and contributing to developing standards. While the individual effects of engaging in the listed practices on firm innovation are well-understood, the existing literature has not considered their interrelation. Therefore, our study examines if the three practices are complements, substitutes, or unrelated in terms of firms’ performance with product innovations new to the market. Our analysis builds on a sample of innovation-active firms from the German Community Innovation Survey, which includes information on the development of standards, enhanced with information on firms' engagement in patenting and publishing. We find that 26% of innovation-active firms engage in at least one of the three practices, and 22% of engaging firms combine them. Using supermodularity tests, we show that publishing and patenting as well as patenting and developing standards are substitutes. Publishing and developing standards are not significantly linked. Based on our findings, we derive implications for innovation management and policy. 相似文献
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The increasing commercialization of university discoveries has initiated a controversy on the impact for scientific research. It has been argued that an increasing orientation towards commercialization may have a negative impact on more fundamental research efforts in science. Several scholars have therefore analyzed the relationship between publication and patenting activity of university researchers, and most articles report positive correlations between patenting and publishing activities of scientists. However, previous studies do not account for heterogeneity of patenting activities. This paper explores the incidence of patenting and publishing of scientists distinguishing between corporate patents and patents assigned to non-profit organizations for a large sample of professors active in Germany. While patents assigned to non-profit organizations (incl. individual ownership of the professors themselves) complement publication quantity and quality, patents assigned to corporations are negatively related to quantity and quality of publication output. 相似文献
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采用大数据技术提升疫情防控能力,已成为世界各国的共识,但这也会引发许多新的伦理挑战。文章对大数据应用于疫情防控的伦理风险点进行了梳理,并从个体利益与公共利益、风险与收益、效率与公平平衡的角度,分析疫情数据伦理问题的特殊性,提出规范数据获取、落实算法理性和限制成果传播等监管建议。 相似文献
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This article develops a general framework to describe the changes in university IPR regulations in Europe and their effects on the patenting activities of universities and on knowledge transfer processes. Understanding the effects of changes in IPR regulations on academic patenting is a complex issue, and parallels with the US case can be misleading. First, despite the general trend towards institutional ownership, university IPR regulations in Europe remain extremely differentiated and there is no one-to-one mapping to the US system. Second, it is difficult to disentangle the quantitative and qualitative effects of changes in IPR ownership regulations on academic patenting activities from the effects of concurrent transformations in the institutional, cultural and organizational landscape surrounding academic knowledge transfer. The article proposes a review and typological classification of national university IPR ownership systems on the basis of their development since 2000, and uses it to analyze the aggregate dynamics of academic patent ownership in several European countries. The analysis of patterns of ownership of academic patents shows that there has been a general increase in university patenting since 1990, with a significant slowdown (and even reduction in some countries) after early 2000s accompanied by a switch in academic patents ownership in favor of university ownership though preserving the European specificity of high company ownership of academic invented patents. 相似文献
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Pere Arqué-Castells 《Research Policy》2012,41(5):897-912
Venture capitalists (VCs) fund the development of promising inventions to turn them into marketable innovations. During this development stage portfolio firms are likely to garner even more inventions at least until the product is fully developed. Once the product is fully developed the focus shifts from development to sales so the number of generated inventions should decrease. This behavior implies that VCs are likely to spur invention according to an inverted U-shape over time. We empirically examine whether patent trajectories are consistent with this hypothesized inverted U-shape using a self-collected dataset containing 233 VC-backed firms and a large set of controls operating in Spain. We find that firms’ patenting activity increases after VC investments. This increase is substantially more pronounced the first two years following VC investments, i.e., patent trajectories follow an inverted U-shape over time. Our more demanding specifications suggest that the sharp increase in patenting right after VCs’ investments is caused by a positive treatment effect over and beyond any likely selection effect. Moreover, we defend that the increase in patenting is not just due to the fact that VCs give money so that firms can patent pre-VC inventions, but also to the fact that VCs fund the development of inventions. 相似文献
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This paper benchmarks the patent activities of a sample of OECD countries against the world frontier and explores the sources of the cross-country differences in patenting (regarded as a proxy for innovation). A patent production frontier is estimated for a panel of 21 OECD countries over the 1990-2002 period using Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Patenting performance for each country is decomposed into basic patenting capacity and patenting efficiency. The gap between Europe and the world leaders in terms of basic patenting capacity remains substantial with little sign of convergence over the sample period. In terms of patenting efficiency, Japan, Germany and Italy have improved their relative position in recent years. The gap in patenting performance between the UK and the world frontier is due to relative underperformance in both patenting capacity and efficiency in patent production. Institutional factors are found to be significantly associated with the patenting efficiency of an economy. 相似文献
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Norwegian business spending on R&D is low by OECD standards. To stimulate business R&D, in 2002 the Norwegian government introduced a tax-based incentive, SkatteFUNN. We analyze the effects of SkatteFUNN on the likelihood of innovating and patenting. Using a rich database for Norwegian firms, we find that projects receiving tax credits result in the development of new production processes and to some extent the development of new products for the firm. Firms that collaborate with other firms are more likely to be successful in their innovation activities. However, the scheme does not appear to contribute to innovations in the form of new products for the market or patenting. 相似文献
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国内外关于企业专利行为及其影响因素的研究有较多争议。本文通过对浙江企业的实证调查分析指出,专利保护的加强提高了企业的专利意识,促进了企业的专利活动。同时,专利产出还与企业规模、产业规模正相关。目前,私营企业已经成为我国专利活动的主力,但私营企业的专利能力与外资企业还有很大的差距,有专利活动的私营企业的数量也太少。总体上,我国企业的技术与专利能力、专利技术市场的发育程度亟待提高。 相似文献