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1.
Abstract

Alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) is absent in 18% of healthy Caucasian individuals owing to homozygosity for a premature stop codon (X) at amino acid 577 (rs1815739). Previous studies have shown a strong association between ACTN3 genotype and human athletic performance. In a study of 452 young Chinese male soldiers, we examined the distribution of ACTN3 genotypes and alleles and analysed the association between ACTN3 genotypes and athletic performance. We found that the frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X genotype (RR 39.8%, RX 43.4%, and XX 16.8%) and R577X allele (R 61.5%, X 38.5%) in young Chinese males were not significantly different from those in Caucasians. We only observed a significant association (P = 0.025) between ACTN3 R577X genotypes and grip strength. Participants with the XX genotype displayed significantly lower handgrip strength than individuals with the RR genotype (P = 0.021), but the difference between XX and RX means (P = 0.258) and that between RR and RX means (P = 0.42) was not significant. We did not observe a strong association between the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and sprint phenotypes or endurance phenotypes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is most strongly associated with grip strength in young Chinese male soldiers.  相似文献   

2.
Alpha-actinin-3 (ACTN3) is absent in 18% of healthy Caucasian individuals owing to homozygosity for a premature stop codon (X) at amino acid 577 (rs1815739). Previous studies have shown a strong association between ACTN3 genotype and human athletic performance. In a study of 452 young Chinese male soldiers, we examined the distribution of ACTN3 genotypes and alleles and analysed the association between ACTN3 genotypes and athletic performance. We found that the frequencies of the ACTN3 R577X genotype (RR 39.8%, RX 43.4%, and XX 16.8%) and R577X allele (R 61.5%, X 38.5%) in young Chinese males were not significantly different from those in Caucasians. We only observed a significant association (P = 0.025) between ACTN3 R577X genotypes and grip strength. Participants with the XX genotype displayed significantly lower handgrip strength than individuals with the RR genotype (P = 0.021), but the difference between XX and RX means (P = 0.258) and that between RR and RX means (P = 0.42) was not significant. We did not observe a strong association between the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and sprint phenotypes or endurance phenotypes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism is most strongly associated with grip strength in young Chinese male soldiers.  相似文献   

3.
目的：探讨ACTN3 R577X多态性与青少年运动员爆发力素质及其表型指标的关联性，并检验ACTN3 R577X作为分子标记在青少年运动员科学选材中应用的可行性。方法：选取上海地区青少年业余体校青少年运动员96名，其中男运动员58名，女运动员38名，根据项目特点分为爆发力组和耐力组；利用SNaPshot SNP分型技术对采集的DNA样本进行基因分型。爆发力组运动员进行立定跳远、原地纵跳指标的测试。结果：青少年爆发力组运动员ACTN3 R577X基因型分布与青少年耐力组运动员(x2=7.289，P<0.05)和对照组人群(x2=6.831，P<0.05)均存在显著性差异；青少年爆发力组运动员的ACTN3 R577X等位基因频率与青少年耐力组运动员(x2=7.498，P<0.01)和对照组人群(x2=7.923，P<0.01)均存在显著性差异。在青少年爆发力组男、女运动员中，RR、RX基因型运动员的立定跳远和原地纵跳成绩都要显著性高于XX基因型的运动员（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论 ACTN3基因 R577X多态性与上海地区青少年运动员爆发力素质存在关联，ACTN3基因 R577X多态性与立定跳远、原地纵跳等爆发力素质表型指标存在关联，ACTN3 基因R577X多态性可以作为青少年速度力量型运动员选材的分子标记。  相似文献   

4.
PurposeThe aim of this study was to review, systematically, evidence concerning the link between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and the rates and severity of non-contact injuries and exercise-induced muscle damage in athletes and individuals enrolled in exercise training programs.MethodsA computerized literature search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, from inception until November 2020. All included studies compared the epidemiological characteristics of non-contact injury between the different genotypes of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism.ResultsOur search identified 492 records. After the screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, 13 studies examining the association between the ACTN3 genotypes and the rate and severity of non-contact injury were included in the analysis. These studies were performed in 6 different countries (Spain, Japan, Brazil, China, the Republic of Korea, and Italy) and involved a total participant pool of 1093 participants. Of the studies, 2 studies involved only women, 5 studies involved only men, and 6 studies involved both men and women. All the studies included were classified as high-quality studies (≥6 points in the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale score). Overall, evidence suggests there is an association between the ACTN3 R577X genotype and non-contact injury in 12 investigations. Six studies observed a significant association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and exercise induced muscle damage: 2 with non-contact ankle injury, 3 with non-contact muscle injury, and 1 with overall non-contact injury.ConclusionThe present findings support the premise that possessing the ACTN3 XX genotype may predispose athletes to a higher probability of some non-contact injuries, such as muscle injury, ankle sprains, and higher levels of exercise-induced muscle damage.  相似文献   

5.
Ankle sprains are one of the most severe musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries during physical activity. Although many risk factors have been offered, it is unclear why some individuals develop noncontact ankle sprains when participating in comparable levels of physical exertion under identical environmental conditions and others do not. The ACTN3 gene that encodes the α-actinin-3 protein, which is, only expressed in the Z line of fast glycolytic muscle fibres was found to associate with power/strength performance. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether the ACTN3 gene polymorphism is associated with noncontact acute ankle sprains. One hundred and forty-two participants with clinically diagnosed noncontact acute ankle sprains as well as 280 physically active controls participants without any history of ankle sprains were included in this case–control genetic association study. The RR genotype (odds ratio (OR) = 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.32–0.65, P = 0.011) and R allele (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.37–0.68, P = 0.002) of the ACTN3 were significantly low-represented in the acute ankle sprains group compared with the control group. The ACTN3 R577X is associated with acute ankle sprains in Chinese participants in this study. This is the first study to suggest that an individual with a RR genotype is at a decreased risk of acute ankle sprains.  相似文献   

6.
目的:选取ACTN3基因C1747T多态位点进行解析,筛选中国举重运动员选材用分子标记.方法:提取94名中国北方汉族优秀举重运动员全血DNA,应用PCR-RFLP方法解析C1747T多态位点,通过X2检验与206名普通对照组进行分析.结果:94名中国北方汉族优秀举重运动员的C1747T多态位点的基因型分布经f检验符合H-W平衡(X2=2.04;df=2;P0. 05).优秀举重运动员组与普通时照组ACTN3基因C1747T多态位点的基因型分布具有显著性差异(P=0.031,P<0.05),等位基因分布也具有显著性差异(P=0.022,P<0. 05),与普通对照组(CC基因型:31%;C等位基因:56%)相比,举重运动员组CC基因型(47%)以及C等位基因(66%)的出现频率较高.结论:我国北方汉族人群ACTN3基因C1747T多态位点的CC基因型和C等位基因与优秀的力量素质显著相关.可以将ACTN3基因C1747T多态位点的CC基因型作为中国北方汉族举重运动员的选材用分子标记.  相似文献   

7.
The purpose of this study was to verify the association between ACTN3 polymorphism and physiological parameters related to endurance performance. A total of 150 healthy male volunteers performed a maximal incremental running test to determine the speeds corresponding to ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Participants were genotyped and divided into terciles based on the analysed variables. Genotype frequencies were compared through χ2 test between lower and higher terciles, with the lowest or highest values of each analysed variable. ACTN3 XX genotype was over-represented in higher tercile for VT and RCP. Odds ratio also showed significantly higher chances of XX individuals to be in higher tercile compared to RR (7.3) and RR + RX (3.5) for VT and compared to RR genotype (8.1) and RR + RX (3.4) for RCP. Thus, XX individuals could attain the VT and RCP at higher speeds, suggesting that they are able to sustain higher running speeds in lower exercise intensity domains. It could result in higher lipid acids oxidation, saving muscle glycogen and delaying the fatigue during prolonged exercises, which could be the advantage mechanism of this genotype to endurance performance.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Research concerned with predictors of talent in football has highlighted a number of potentially important and partially inherited measures such as body size, anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, agility, psychological profile, game intelligence and susceptibility to injuries. Genotyping for performance-associated DNA polymorphisms at an early age could be useful in predicting later success in football. The aim of the study was to investigate individually and in combination the association of common gene polymorphisms with football player’s status. A total of 246 Russian football players and 872 controls were genotyped for 8 gene polymorphisms, which were previously reported to be associated with athlete status. Four alleles (ACE D, ACTN3 Arg577, PPARA rs4253778 C and UCP2 55Val) were first identified, showing discrete associations with football player’s status. Next, we determined the total genotype score (TGS, from the accumulated combination of the 4 polymorphisms, with a maximum value of 100 for the theoretically optimal polygenic score) in athletes and controls. The mean TGS was significantly higher in football players (52.0 (17.6) vs. 41.3 (15.5); P < 0.0001) than in controls. These data suggest that the likelihood of becoming a football player depends on the carriage of a high number of “favourable” gene variants.  相似文献   

9.
Purpose: There is an ongoing debate whether highly trained athletes are less responsive to the ergogenic properties of nitrate. We assessed the effects of nitrate supplementation on plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and repeated-sprint performance in recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes. Methods: In a randomized double-blinded cross-over design, recreational cyclists (n?=?20), national talent speed-skaters (n?=?22) and Olympic-level track cyclists (n?=?10) underwent two 6-day supplementation periods; 140?mL/d nitrate-rich (BR; ～800?mg/d) and nitrate-depleted (PLA; ～0.5?mg/d) beetroot juice. Blood samples were collected and three 30-s Wingate tests were performed. Results: Plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were higher following BR vs PLA (P?P?>?.10). Peak power over the three Wingates was not different between BR and PLA (1338?±?30 vs 1333?±?30 W; P?=?.62), and there was no interaction between treatment (BR-PLA) and Wingate number (1-2-3; P?=?.48). Likewise, mean power did not differ between BR and PLA (P?=?.86). In contrast, time to peak power improved by ～2.8% following BR vs PLA (P?=?.007). This improvement in BR vs PLA was not different between Wingate 1, 2 and 3. Moreover, the effects of BR vs PLA did not differ between sport levels for any Wingate parameter (all P?>?.30). Conclusion: The plasma and repeated-sprint performance responses to beetroot juice supplementation do not differ between recreational, competitive and elite sprint athletes. Beetroot juice supplementation reduces time to reach peak power, which may improve the capacity to accelerate during high-intensity and sprint tasks in recreational as well as elite athletes.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphism is the most studied genetic marker in the field of human performance. There is a continuing debate in the literature regarding the possible association of ACE genotypes and elite athletic status. In fact, despite recent studies having identified no significant associations in athletes from mixed sporting disciplines, other researchers suggest that the insertion (I) variant may be associated with elite endurance performance, and the deletion (D) variant can be over-represented among elite sprinters. The purpose of the present study was to determine, for the first time, the association between the ACE genotypes and sprint athlete status among elite Italian gymnasts. To test this hypothesis, we assessed 33 elite Italian gymnasts (17 males, 16 females) and a control group of 53 (31 males, 22 females) unrelated sedentary individuals. DNA was extracted from each participant using a buccal swab and the ACE I/D polymorphism was determined using PCR while different amplified fragments were detected by electrophoresis using agarose gel and ethidium bromide staining. The ACE genotypes and allele frequencies among gymnasts (DD, ID, II=0.39, 0.48, 0.12, respectively; D allele=0.64) were not significantly different from those of Italian sedentary controls (DD, ID, II=0.39, 0.45, 0.15, respectively; D allele=0.62). However, the frequencies of our control group were similar to those observed in a sample of Italian sedentary individuals, and different to those of the general Caucasian population reported by other authors. Furthermore, the frequencies of our control group did not differ from those reported in other association studies involving elite sprint athletes. Our results suggest a lack of association between the ACE I/D polymorphism and elite gymnastics performance in Italians.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to test for a possible association between the PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism (rs135539) and the attainment of elite athlete status. In total, 155 Israeli athletes (119 males, 36 females) and 240 healthy controls (170 males, 70 females) participated in the study. The group of athletes consisted of endurance athletes (n=74) and sprinters (n=81). Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP on DNA from leucocytes. Results showed that genotype distribution and allele frequencies were similar (P=0.65 for genotypes and P=0.48 for allele frequency) for the endurance athletes (allele frequency A/C 0.7/0.3), sprinters (allele frequency A/C 0.66/0.34), and controls (allele frequency A/C 0.71/0.29). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the sub-groups of elite endurance athletes (those who had represented Israel in world track-and-field championships or in the Olympic Games) and national-level endurance athletes (P=0.44 for genotypes and P=0.96 for allele frequency), or between elite and national-level sprinters (P=0.57 for genotypes and P=0.40 for allele frequency). In conclusion, we observed no differences in genotype distribution or allele frequencies across PPARA intron 1 A/C polymorphism between endurance athletes, sprinters, and controls. Further research is needed in other ethnic groups to verify these results.  相似文献   

12.
Skeleton     
The aim of this study was to characterize sprint ability, anthropometry, and lower extremity power in the US National Team Skeleton athletes. Fourteen athletes (male n = 7; mean ± SD: height 1.794 ± 0.063 m, body mass 81.2 ± 3.7 kg, age 26.9 ± 4.1 years; female n = 7; 1.642 ± 0.055 m, 60.1 ± 5.9 kg, 27.3 ± 6.9 years) volunteered to participate. Sprinting ability was measured over multiple intervals using custom infrared timing gates in both an upright and a crouched sprint. The crouched sprint was performed while pushing a wheeled‐simulated skeleton sled on rails on an outdoor skeleton and bobsleigh start track. Crouched skeleton sprint starts were able to achieve about 70% to 85% of the upright sprint times. The mean somatotype ratings for females were: 3.5‐3.5‐2.1, and males: 3.6‐4.9‐1.9. Lower extremity strength and power were measured via vertical jumps on a portable force platform using squat and countermovement jumps, and jumps with added mass. Jump height, power, rate of force development and peak force were determined from force‐time data. Lower extremity strength and power were strongly correlated with both upright and crouched sprint times. The results indicated that these athletes are strong sprinters with varying body structures, mostly mesomorphic, and that stronger and more powerful athletes tend to be better starters.  相似文献   

13.
目的：从运动员选材角度探讨短跑和中长跑项目运动员在跳深实验中支撑时间的特征，为支撑时间应用于田径运动员选材提供依据。方法：以上海市一、二线短跑和中长跑共84名运动员为研究对象。所有研究对象均进行身高、体重、跳深实验测试，分组研究两项目运动员支撑时间特征。结果：短跑男子优秀组最快和平均支撑时间都快于一般组（P＜0.05），女子优秀组最快和平均支撑时间也都快于一般组（P＞0.05），中长跑组也表现基本一致的趋势；项目之间进行比较也基本表现出一致性趋势，也就是短跑组最快和平均支撑时间基本快于相同运动等级中长跑组（P＞0.05）。结论：支撑时间在短跑和中长跑项目中具有明显的项目特征和等级特征，可以应用于短跑或中长跑项目选材。  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of two long jump tasks and their ability to predict 10 m sprint performance in elite adolescent female athletes. Eight junior national-level female track and field athletes completed three standing (SLJ) and reactive long jumps (RLJ) on portable force plates, followed by three 10 m sprints. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated to examine reliability. Linear regression results identified the best predictor of average and best 10 m sprint time from the jump kinematic and kinetic measures. The ICCs and CVs indicated good reliability for the majority of kinetic measures however, better reliability was reported for the SLJ. The SLJ was a good predictor of best and average 10 m sprint time, with average horizontal power the best predictor of performance (best; R2 = 0.751, p = 0.003, Standard Error of Estimate (SEE)% = 2.2 average; R2 = 0.708, p = 0.005, SEE% = 2.5).  相似文献   

15.
The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of the AMPD1 genotype among groups of high-level Polish power-oriented athletes, and to investigate potential associations between genetic polymorphism in exon 2 of the AMPD1 gene and power-oriented athlete status. Altogether, 158 male Polish power-oriented athletes were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The genetic control group comprised 160 unrelated male volunteers. We observed significant differences in genotype distribution when all 158 athletes (89.25% CC, 10.75% CT, 0.00% TT; P = 0.0025) were compared with controls (75.00% CC, 23.75% CT, 1.25% TT). A significant deficiency of the T allele was noted in all subgroups (short-distance runners: 5.21%, P = 0.032; short-distance swimmers: 5.56%, P = 0.031; weightlifters: 5.36%, P = 0.024) compared with controls (13.13%), while this trend was even stronger when the frequency of the T allele was compared between controls and all 158 athletes (5.38%, P = 0.0007). Our results indicate a lower frequency of the AMPD1 exon 2 T34 allele in elite Polish power-oriented athletes. Our data suggest that the C allele may help athletes to attain elite status in power-oriented sports.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of two long jump tasks and their ability to predict 10 m sprint performance in elite adolescent female athletes. Eight junior national-level female track and field athletes completed three standing (SLJ) and reactive long jumps (RLJ) on portable force plates, followed by three 10 m sprints. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated to examine reliability. Linear regression results identified the best predictor of average and best 10 m sprint time from the jump kinematic and kinetic measures. The ICCs and CVs indicated good reliability for the majority of kinetic measures however, better reliability was reported for the SLJ. The SLJ was a good predictor of best and average 10 m sprint time, with average horizontal power the best predictor of performance (best; R 2 = 0.751, p = 0.003, Standard Error of Estimate (SEE)% = 2.2 average; R 2 = 0.708, p = 0.005, SEE% = 2.5).  相似文献   

17.
During competition, kayak athletes must optimally adapt to environmental factors (e.g. wind, waves) to achieve peak performance. However, the ability to adapt to such perturbations has never been assessed in kayak paddling. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the local dynamic stability in sports technique of youth sprint kayak athletes. In a cross-sectional study, 14 healthy male athletes were recruited from an elite youth sprint kayak squad. During an incremental kayak ergometer test, mean power, heart rates and local dynamic technique stability of hands, arms, trunk and paddle were registered and the association with the athletes 2000?m free-water times were estimated using mixed models. The 2000?m free-water performance significantly predicted the paddles (p?=?.037) local dynamic stability whereas no association was found for the trunk or the upper extremity kinematics. In conclusion, kayak athletes with high-performance capability over 2000?m paddling depict high local dynamic technique stability. This emphasizes the importance of a stable technique for advanced kayak skills, especially regarding paddling movements.  相似文献   

18.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate if the rs11091046 (A>C) polymorphism in AGTR2 gene is associated with athletic status in top-level athletes from Brazil. Since the AGTR2 gene is located on the X chromosome, the case-control association study was done separately for women and men. The female cohort was composed of 205 athletes and 241 non-athletes, and the male cohort was composed of 419 athletes and 490 non-athletes. We did not identify an association between the C-allele and the endurance phenotype. However, power athletes had a higher frequency of the A-allele. In women, A/A genotype was overrepresented in international-level power group compared with non-athletes or international-level endurance athletes (23.2% vs. 16.6% or 8.8%, respectively; p < 0.05). In men, the A-allele frequency observed in power athletes or international-level power athletes was statistically different from that observed in non-athletes (51.6% or 57.8% vs. 40.4%; p < 0.009). Furthermore, men sprinters with the A-allele showed significantly faster personal best times for the 100 m than those with the C-allele (10.56 ± 0.32 s vs. 10.93 ± 0.49 s; p < 0.02). In conclusion, it was found that the AGTR2 A-allele is a candidate genetic marker for top-level power athletes.  相似文献   

19.
The development of cynical attitudes towards elite sport is a core symptom of athlete burnout and has been associated with dropout from elite sport. To date, this phenomenon has mainly been studied by investigating explicit attitudes towards sport, whereas athletes’ automatic evaluations (i.e. implicit attitudes) that have been shown to influence behavior as well were not considered. This study aimed to compare explicit and implicit attitudes towards sport of young elite athletes with high (N = 24) versus low (N = 26) burnout symptoms. Using self-reported measures, general and athlete burnout symptoms were assessed. Additionally, a single-target implicit association test was administered to examine participants’ automatic evaluation of sport. Statistical analysis revealed greater emotional/physical exhaustion and sport devaluation in athletes reporting high compared to low burnout symptoms. Implicit attitudes towards sport did not significantly differ between the groups. Furthermore, no significant correlations were observed between different athlete burnout symptoms and implicit attitudes. Athletes with high burnout symptoms show a tendency to explicitly detach themselves from sport, thus fostering sport devaluation as a core symptom of athlete burnout. However, this process does not seem to be reflected in their implicit attitudes towards sport.  相似文献   

20.
So far, the relationship between wind and athletics performance has been studied mainly for 100 m sprint, based on simulation of biomechanical models, requiring several assumptions. In this study, this relationship is quantified empirically for all five horizontal jump and sprint events where wind is measured, with freely available competition results. After systematic scraping several elite and sub-elite results sites, the obtained results (n?=?150,169) were filtered and matched to athletes. A quadratic mixed effects model with athlete and season as random effects was applied to express the influence of wind velocity on performance in each event. Whether this effect differs with performance level was investigated by applying the model on subgroups based on performance level. In the fitted quadratic model, the linear coefficients were significant (p?p?p?=?.138). A 2.0?m?s?1 tail wind provides an average advantage of 0.125, 0.140 and 0.146?s for the 100, 200 and 100/110 m hurdles, respectively, and an advantage of 0.058 and 0.102 m for long jump and triple jump, respectively. Performance level had a significant effect on the wind influence only for 100 m (p??1 tail wind than elite athletes (～10?s). Practical formulas are presented for each event. These can easily be used correct results for wind speed, allowing better talent scouting and championship selection. This study demonstrates the efficacy of answering scientific questions empirically, through freely available data.  相似文献   

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