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非正式环境中科学学习的生态学视角与学习框架 ——《非正式环境中的科学学习:人、场所与活动》《非正式环境中的科学学习:人、场所与活动》一书由美国菲利普·贝尔、布鲁斯·列文斯坦、安德鲁·绍斯、米尔·费得编著，华东师范大学赵健、王茹译，科学普及出版社2015年2月出版。导读 
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下载免费PDF全文 鲍贤清 《自然科学博物馆研究》2017,2(1):84-89
非正式环境中的科学学习,在目的、发生方式上与课堂教学存在相似也有很多不同。理解非正式环境中科学学习的本质,是设计、开发和评价博物馆教育项目的基础。美国国家研究理事会组织成立的非正式环境下科学学习项目委员会梳理了美国近20年在该领域的研究,出版《非正式环境中的科学学习:人、场所与活动》,用大量实证研究反映出非正式科学学习的特征、结果和研究方法。本文汲取其中生态学视角和学习框架两个方面对该书做一个导读。 相似文献
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A rise in informal labor, characterized by contracted and non-salaried positions, has been observed in many industry sectors including journalism. While opportunities for freelance journalists have increased, the journalism industry has simultaneously experienced mass layoffs. Using a survey (N?=?411), with quantitative and qualitative measures, this study assesses freelancers’ experiences in the US context with a particular attention to gender. The study finds that women perceive freelancing, but not full-time journalism, as compatible with raising children. Although there were no differences in perceptions about layoffs and job stability, the women in the sample were more likely to rely on freelancing as the only job and subsequently express concerns over pay. Open-ended responses provide further insight into the state of the journalism industry, full-time employment, and gender dynamics. 相似文献
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《Journal of Government Information》1996,23(2):151-159
This paper presents the results of a questionnaire survey mailed to one contact person in each of the 59 selective depositories in Texas. The purpose of this study was to determine the methods employed to train depository library staff members in the state of Texas to use federal government CD-ROMs. This study examined the types of formal training programs and the informal methods of training used. Informal methods were more commonly employed than formal methods. Almost one-half of the respondents reported that none of the staff members received formal training. A large percentage, however, received informal training. The most common method of formal training was a workshop or conference conducted by an outside expert. The most common types of informal training were self-instruction and one-on-one instruction. 相似文献
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What makes a successful informal learning space is a topic in need of further research. The body of discourse on informal space design is drawn from learning theory, placemaking, and architecture, with a need for understanding of the synergy between the three. Findings from a longitudinal, quantitative, and qualitative study at Sheffield Hallam University, explore learners' behaviors, attitudes, and preferences toward informal learning spaces in higher education, within and outside of the context of the academic library. The learning spaces study contributes to the discourse on informal learning spaces design by producing a typology of nine learning space preference attributes which address aspects of learning theory, placemaking, and architecture. The typology can be used to evaluate existing spaces and inform redevelopment of informal learning spaces in higher education institutions. Implementing the typology will be subject to localized conditions, but at Sheffield Hallam University the key conclusions have included developing a portfolio of discrete, interrelated learning environments, offering spaces with a clear identity and encouraging students to translate their learning preferences into space selection. 相似文献
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David A. Ucko 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2010,53(2):129-136
Abstract The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the National Research Council report Learning Science in Informal Environments to synthesize the growing body of diverse research underlying informal science learning. Intended outcomes were to establish a base for future research, to provide evidence‐based guidance for those developing and delivering informal learning experiences, to broaden the definition of “learning” beyond that typically used in formal education, to encourage knowledge sharing across the heterogeneous informal science education field, and to provide a measure of external validation for the value of learning in informal settings. NSF investment in this study is part of a larger ongoing effort by the Informal Science Education program to advance knowledge and practice and build capacity in the field. 相似文献
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网络环境下的跨学科知识共享工具比较——信息行为的视角 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
介绍信息行为的概念、要素和过程,探讨基于信息行为的跨学科协作的概念性框架。从信息行为视角出发,比较网络环境下三种应用于跨学科知识共享的非正式交流工具:Blog、Wiki和开放本体导航工具,指出它们具有不同的社会网络联结方式、内容组织方式和使用方便程度,适用于跨学科协作的不同阶段;若要发挥它们在跨学科知识共享中的更大作用,需要作进一步的改进。 相似文献
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Seungyoon Lee Bailey C. Benedict Caitlyn M. Jarvis Laura Siebeneck Britt-Janet Kuenanz 《Journal of Applied Communication Research》2020,48(4):438-458
ABSTRACT This study examines the long-term recovery and resilience processes of households on the New Jersey coast after Hurricane Sandy. Based on theoretical frameworks of community ecology, communication ecology, and the Communication Theory of Resilience, we analyzed focus group interviews and timeline data to examine the sources and forms of support and barrier and provide a detailed account of the ways in which individuals engaged with support and barrier sources. Results show that resilience was enacted through the process of mobilizing and improvising networks of informal and institutional ties, sometimes joining them, to access resources. Communicative processes were central to improvisation, and ineffective communication and coordination constituted a majority of barriers in accessing social support for recovery. Results also detail how processes varied temporally. This study contributes to the literature on resilience as a communicative process, with improvisation at its core, that is enacted through interacting informal, institutional, and physical systems in communities. 相似文献
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《Qualitative Research Reports in Communication》2013,14(1):43-50
As the United States workforce becomes increasingly diverse, many organizations have attempted to raise awareness and sensitivity to cultural group issues. Diversity management programs combine Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action with internal organizational initiatives such as diversity sensitivity training. These diversity management policies and initiatives may be interpreted and enacted in various ways. This exploratory study was designed to investigate how managers interpreted the meaning of diversity management and enacted EEO/AA laws and diversity initiatives in a hospital in the process of evaluating its diversity programming. Using a grounded theory approach, in-depth interviews with clinical and non-clinical managers were conducted. Several themes emerged, including professional differences in the legal and social understanding of diversity, the nature of managerial uncertainty, and the significance of formal and informal resources when managing diversity. 相似文献
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Language distribution in scientific communication reflects the influence of different languages on science in global perspective. The study, based on over 450 thousand scientific tweets of all publications indexed by Scopus in June 2015, reveals the language distribution in informal scientific communication. Moreover, this result is compared with the language distribution in formal scientific communication reflected in scientific publications. Results show: (1) The language of scientific tweets is concentrated in English (91%), Japanese (2.4%) and Spanish (1.7%), while the language of scientific publications is concentrated in English (90.6%), Chinese (5%) and German (1.1%). (2) Both scientific tweets and scientific publications present disciplinary differences in language distribution, reflecting the different amount of attention that authors of different languages have on certain disciplines. (3) Except Saudi Arabia, investigated countries all over the world, regardless of whether their native language is English or not, all have English scientific tweets in the dominant position. For the vast majority of these countries, the native language scientific tweets only rank the second position. (4) Overall, 26% of tweeters use more than one language to tweet scientific products, while 49% of scientific tweeters tweet everything in English only. The results indicate that English has undoubtedly become the lingua franca in informal scientific communication. 相似文献
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Dale McCreedy 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2005,48(2):158-176
This study documents how adult female volunteers, historically inexperienced and/or excluded from traditional practices of science, come to engage in science activities through an informal, museum‐ and community‐based context that helps them to appreciate science connections that are ultimately empowering. Such informal contexts, often thought to be marginal to prevailing educational beliefs and practices, can offer adults outside of the fields of science and education an entry into science learning and teaching, facilitating participation in legitimate and empowering ways. The focus is on three adult female members' unique trajectories of participation, leading to sustained commitment and contribution, or “core member status.” Each draws on different aspects of the program that she finds most salient, illustrating how different elements can serve as motivators for initial engagement, and can support continuation along the trajectory of participation in an informal science program for girls. 相似文献
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网络环境下非正式信息交流的概念、类别与特点 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
非正式信息交流虽由来已久，但仅当网络时代到来后才焕发出极强的生命力。本文探讨了网络环境下非正式交流的兴起，给出了网络环境下非正式信息交流的定义．提出以有无专职信息人员的参与作为网络环境下正式交流与非正式交流的分界，同时，分析了网络环境下非正式交流的类别和特点。 相似文献
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The Web impact of open access social science research 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
For a long time, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) journal citations have been widely used for research performance monitoring of the sciences. For the social sciences, however, the Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI®) can sometimes be insufficient. Broader types of publications (e.g., books and non-ISI journals) and informal scholarly indicators may also be needed. This article investigates whether the Web can help to fill this gap. The authors analyzed 1530 citations from Google™ to 492 research articles from 44 open access social science journals. The articles were published in 2001 in the fields of education, psychology, sociology, and economics. About 19% of the Web citations represented formal impact equivalent to journal citations, and 11% were more informal indicators of impact. The average was about 3 formal and 2 informal impact citations per article. Although the proportions of formal and informal online impact were similar in sociology, psychology, and education, economics showed six times more formal impact than informal impact. The results suggest that new types of citation information and informal scholarly indictors could be extracted from the Web for the social sciences. Since these form only a small proportion of the Web citations, however, Web citation counts should first be processed to remove irrelevant citations. This can be a time-consuming process unless automated. 相似文献
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Ahmed Maher Khafaga Shehata 《Learned Publishing》2019,32(4):304-311
The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a study of scholarly communication behaviour among Arab scholars. The main objective of this study is to determine how Egyptian and Saudi Arabian social sciences and humanities scholars engage in scholarly communication practices. The study used a mixed‐methods approach. A questionnaire was answered by a sample of 104 participants, followed by interviews with 36 participants to gain insight into the scholarly communication behaviour of the Arab scholars. The analysis demonstrated that participants use different styles of scholarly communication approaches. Most of the participants do use informal (social media) channels to communicate their research findings (particularly ResearchGate and Facebook), although priority is given to formal over informal publication in peer reviewed journals. Responses showed that the promotional systems of both countries dictate publication choices of scholars, reducing the amount of collaboration by ranking co‐publications lower than sole publications and favouring printed journals over online‐only journals. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT This experiment (N= 476) investigates how individuals evaluate political candidates who use informal communication on social media. We use expectancy violations theory (EVT) to predict that informal communication will lead to negative evaluations. Our results suggest that politicians’ use of informal communication on social media leads to expectancy violation, which decreases perceived credibility and lessens intention to support a candidate. This effect was not moderated by sex (male versus female) or age (young versus old) of the candidate, nor of participants being the same sex as the candidate. These findings suggest that political figures should use informal communication on social media with caution. 相似文献
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The Education Department at the Museum of the Rockies and the Kellogg Center for Adult Learning Research at Montana State University conducted a national study of adult museum programs from 1996–1999. A total of 508 adult program participants, 75 instructors, and 143 planners of adult programs in museums were interviewed either via telephone or in person. The study sought to answer three questions: (1) From participants' perspectives, what constitutes an excellent museum program for adults? (2) What teaching strategies are employed in successful and innovative museum programs? and (3) Does the informal learning environment of a museum offer anything unique to the adult learning experience? This research effort is one example of how university museums advance our understanding of informal education theory and its application to practice. 相似文献
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非正规教育机构在发展和支持公众理解科学中的重要性本文系美国伊利诺伊州科技研究所朱迪·S·莱德曼(Judith S. Lederman)教授于2017年5月22日在中国科学技术馆举行的科技博物馆理论研讨会第七次会议上所做的主旨报告，本文的翻译和发表获得了作者的授权。 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 实现科学教育改革愿景并提高公民科学素质的唯一方法就是使科学探究和科学本质同面向所有学生的科学机构结合起来。非正规环境中的教育者可通过多种方式影响公众对科学、科学探究和科学知识本质的理解,而这是正规教育难以实现的。因此,非正规教育工作者自己需要理解科学探究和科学本质的内容,并有效利用非正规教育环境向公众传达上述理解。 相似文献
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杨江平 《图书馆工作与研究》2008,(5):84-87
高校图书馆存在不少非正式群体,这些非正式群体普遍存在的内驱力来源于员工满足不同层次的需要。非正式群体与正式群体是功能互补的"孪生兄弟",灵巧应对非正式群体,激励其成员在更高需要层次上实现自我价值,是提升高校图书馆核心竞争力的有效方法。 相似文献