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1.
城市化进程中,农村地区人口流失严重,宅基地大量闲置,合理重构宅基地完全价值,完善退出补偿定价机制成为盘活农村建设用地,助推乡村振兴的必然举措。基于边际机会成本理论,从宅基地退出成本的角度构建了宅基地价值认知—边际机会成本分析—完全价值重构的价值评估体系。结果发现：①农村宅基地价值由自身价值、开发价值、权益价值与代际价值构成,宅基地退出时所失去的价值部分即农户损失成本;②利用成本损失来测算宅基地的价值,以边际生产成本测算宅基地开发价值,以边际使用者成本测算宅基地自身价值,以边际外部性成本测算宅基地权益价值和代际价值;③不同类型宅基地在退出时损失的价值不同,在退出补偿中需根据成本损失进行相应补偿;④宅基地边际生产成本与边际使用者成本损失多以货币手段进行补偿,边际外部性成本以货币手段结合非货币手段进行补偿。基于此,探索了一种新的宅基地定价思路,提出了宅基地退出补偿的相关政策建议,为农村宅基地有偿退出制度的完善提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
长期以来,我国实行“产品高价、资源低价和环境无价”的价格体系,矿山企业未将环境恢复和复垦成本列入经营成本,而是通过对环境资源的无偿或低价占有获得超额利润,导致矿产资源浪费严重和单位产值能耗强度大,生态环境长期超载负荷引发了难以修复逆转的复合性环境污染,影响着人类经济社会的永续发展。构建矿产资源开发的生态恢复补偿机制,就是按照“谁破坏、谁恢复,谁受益、谁付费”的原则,要求在矿产资源开发过程中对生态环境产生破坏或不良影响的生产者、开发者和经营者应对环境污染、生态破坏进行补偿,对生态环境由于现有的使用而放弃未来价值进行补偿,用于修复矿产资源开发造成的生态环境损坏,实现人类社会与自然界的和谐发展。需要着力解决“由谁补偿”、“补偿多少”和“怎么补偿”三个基本问题。 相似文献
3.
关于我国构建生态补偿机制的思考 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
构建生态补偿机制,还原生态以价值,不仅是环境降压的出口,而且有利于缩小区际差距,促进环境建设走可持续发展的道路,同时也符合构建和谐社会的精神。构建生态补偿机制应遵循“谁利用谁补偿,谁受益(损害)谁付费”的原则,实现对生态功能或价值形式补偿或实物形式的补偿。生态补偿机制的建立一是解决补偿支付者和接受者的问题,二是解决补偿强度的问题,三是解决补偿渠道的问题。在补偿主体明确、补偿强度合理的前提下,分别建立起以流域、产业、资源开发利用者、全体公民、代际成员为主体的生态补偿机制,实现区域共同繁荣、社会和谐发展。 相似文献
4.
可耗竭资源价值理论与陕北能源价值补偿的实证研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文首先明确了可耗竭资源跨期分配的动态效率标准和代际公平标准,以动态效率标准为原则,通过最优化模型分析,解释了可耗竭资源价格构成的原理。即资源价格理应保含边际直接成本、边际环境成本和边际使用者成本三部分内容,其中边际使用者成本是资源自身价值的体现。然后讨论应当如何借鉴国外经验,对资源开发过程中发生的各项成本进行补偿。最后展开量化分析,采用以代际公平原则为指导的使用者成本法估算2001年至2006年6年间陕北煤炭、石油、天然气资源开发造成的使用者成本大小,分别与各年地方财政收入当中的资源税收入作比较,得出当前价格及税收水平下,陕北能源资源价值损耗远未能得到有效补偿的结论。如此将不利于该地区能源经济的可持续发展。 相似文献
5.
流域生态补偿机制的关键问题分析——以南水北调中线水源涵养区为例 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
本文针对处于南水北调中线水源涵养区的陕西省旬阳县的基本情况,探讨了生态补偿的若干理论问题,如为什么要进行生态补偿、谁来补偿和向谁补偿、补偿多少以及如何进行补偿等.笔者认为,由于环境资源产权界定或权利的初始分配不同,造成了流域上下游事实上发展权利的不平等,需要一种补偿来弥补这种权利的失衡以及生态环境保护产生的正外部性;南水北调中线工程下游沿线享受生态服务的地方政府和中央政府应当是提供补偿的主体,而上游水源涵养区的地方政府、企业法人与社区居民等是接受补偿的主体;生态补偿的范围和标准可以分为两部分,包括生态建设和保护的额外成本和发展机会成本的损失;在当前环境资源产权关系界定尚不完善,市场机制还未完全建立的情况下,应强化中央政府对生态补偿的干预力度;在产权界定比较明确,市场经济程度较高的情况,可逐步侧重于利益主体间自愿协商的解决途径.在具体的生态补偿政策实施中,要关注为地方创造发展的机会、空间和政策;生态补偿方式应当多元化;同时要建立生态补偿的监管、评估和激励机制以及合理的干部考核机制. 相似文献
6.
基于可持续发展视角的资源税定位研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
资源税的理论依据以及功能定位决定了资源税的改革方向.本文从可持续发展的视角出发对资源税的理论依据进行了深入的研究,在此基础上对资源税的功能进行了详细的定位.作为税收的一种,资源税应该是国家凭借政治权而不是财产权筹集收入的形式,通过对现有研究成果的回顾和分析,说明了资源税促进资源可持续利用的理论依据应该是外部性理论,而不是资源租、级差地租等依据财产权取得收入的理论.在资源税的具体定位的分析中,采用了资源价值补偿的理论框架,将使用资源的成本分为所有者成本、生产者成本、外部性成本,提出资源税应该定位在弥补资源消费量在不同代际分配不均的外部性成本上,而资源的所有者成本、生产者成本和外部性成本中的环境污染成本应该通过市场手段和完善现有制度进行补偿. 相似文献
7.
一、建立流域生态补偿基金的必要性流域生态的补偿从经济学的角度定义为:"通过对损害(或保护)资源环境的行为进行收费(或补偿),提高行为的成本(或收益),从而激励损害(或保护)行为的主体减少(或增加)因其行为带来的外部不经济性(或外部经济性),达到保护资源的目的。"① 相似文献
8.
流域生态补偿机制的关键问题分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文针对处于南水北调中线水源涵养区的陕西省旬阳县的基本情况，探讨了生态补偿的若干理论问题，如为什么要进行生态补偿、谁来补偿和向谁补偿、补偿多少以及如何进行补偿等。笔者认为，由于环境资源产权界定或权利的初始分配不同，造成了流域上下游事实上发展权利的不平等，需要一种补偿来弥补这种权利的失衡以及生态环境保护产生的正外部性；南水北调中线工程下游沿线享受生态服务的地方政府和中央政府应当是提供补偿的主体，而上游水源涵养区的地方政府、企业法人与社区居民等是接受补偿的主体；生态补偿的范围和标准可以分为两部分，包括生态建设和保护的额外成本和发展机会成本的损失；在当前环境资源产权关系界定尚不完善，市场机制还未完全建立的情况下，应强化中央政府对生态补偿的干预力度；在产权界定比较明确，市场经济程度较高的情况，可逐步侧重于利益主体间自愿协商的解决途径。在具体的生态补偿政策实施中，要关注为地方创造发展的机会、空间和政策；生态补偿方式应当多元化；同时要建立生态补偿的监管、评估和激励机制以及合理的干部考核机制。 相似文献
9.
一、建立流域生态补偿基金的必要性
流域生态的补偿从经济学的角度定义为:"通过对损害(或保护)资源环境的行为进行收费(或补偿),提高行为的成本(或收益),从而激励损害(或保护)行为的主体减少(或增加)因其行为带来的外部不经济性(或外部经济性),达到保护资源的目的." 相似文献
10.
旅游生态补偿的市场化路径及其理论解析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
多元化生态补偿制度建设是新时代中国生态文明建设的重要任务,旅游市场化生态补偿机制构建有助于丰富和完善中国生态补偿制度体系。本文运用文献资料梳理和生态经济分析框架,在总结政府主导型、社区参与型等旅游生态补偿实践的基础上,明确了旅游市场化生态补偿的内涵特征、利益主体,并探索其运行的内在机制。结果表明：旅游市场化生态补偿形成生态旅游供需对接平台,具有以市场交易实现生态资源价值、内生性和循环性、参与主体多元性等特征;主要涉及游客、旅游企业、社区居民、当地政府等利益主体;其运行机制是社区居民和旅游企业在有机合作和投入建设基础上,将自然资源和生态系统服务功能生产转换为生态性旅游产品,游客通过付费购买生态旅游产品和服务,形成对旅游企业、社区居民、目的地生态系统的直接和间接补偿,从而构建可持续的“交易—获利—激励—再交易”市场化补偿路径。这一市场化机制运行的前提是自然资源产权的确定,关键是资源生态价值的实现,核心是生态服务功能交易的互动激励,而多方博弈中政府的调节是重要保障。 相似文献
11.
A research group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol-a chemical found in the skins of red grapes in red wine-can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin according to a report in the October issue of Cell Metabolism.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):14-15
Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said. 相似文献
12.
Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen Margaret Landstrom Ramona Lumpkin 《The Information Society》1998,14(2):153-164
This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors. 相似文献
13.
A joint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology his co-workers from Norway US Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells suggesting that China's projected climate warming could decrease the pest's numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on September .…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):6-7
Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007. 相似文献
14.
Caroline Haythornthwaite 《The Information Society》2001,17(3):211-226
A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction. 相似文献
15.
Active biological molecules functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery disease diagnosis therapy new nanodevice construction.…… 《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):22-22
Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction. 相似文献
16.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1):2-3
CAS should stick to the principle of rendering service to, and giving impetus for, the development of China＇s science enterprise by making S＆T innovations, said CAS President LU Yongxiang. The CAS president made the remarks in a recent talk to communicate the gist of the winter session of the Party＇s Leading-member Group at CAS, which was held from 7 to 11 January in Beijing. 相似文献
17.
《中国科学院院刊(英文版)》2008,22(1)
With great care, Dr. ZHOU Zhonghe takes out a package wrapped by cotton tissue from a drawer and says: "This is the gem of our collections: the fossil of a bird that lived 125 million years ago!" Then, pointing at a tiny mound, he explains: "Look, this is the claw and that is the head. It was in the egg shell and ready to hatch ... The species fell into a family of waterside inhabitants." 相似文献
18.
Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies. 相似文献
19.
Leah A. Lievrouw 《The Information Society》2000,16(2):155-159
This essay focuses on universal service and the Internet as means to support social and political participation. The emphasis on access to telecommunications systems in conventional approaches to universal service is contrasted with access to content. A model of the information environment is described that accounts for the roles of content and conduit, both of which are necessary conditions to achieve true access. A method is outlined for employing information indicators to observe or measure the information environment. 相似文献
20.
Puay Tang 《The Information Society》1998,14(1):19-31
The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means. 相似文献