共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Michael Umberger 《Legal Reference Services Quarterly》2013,32(3-4):312-340
A small number of appellate courts require neutral citation, a legal citation format that frees citation to judicial decisions from adherence to particular formats or vendors. As law libraries increasingly rid their print collections of case law reporters, a gap appears in public access to the law, as many courts still require citation to print-based formats from particular commercial publishers. With widespread availability of case law in electronic formats through commercial databases and government Web sites, law librarians must continue to urge courts to consider adopting neutral citation principles to ensure greater accessibility to court opinions. This article retraces the history and quirks of neutral citation and aims to ground the arguments for more widespread adoption of neutral citation in the increasing concern over public access to the law. 相似文献
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Chang‐Keun Lee 《亚洲交流杂志》2013,23(1):156-169
This research note presents an analysis of TV programming in south Korea over a period of five years. The paper is concerned with the changing face of public service broadcasting due to the effects of the new commercial situation. It includes a brief summary of Korea's TV history and a comparison of the programming strategies employed by the public broadcasting network and its commercial rivals. The author concludes by suggesting that Korean public broadcasting needs to reappraise its current response to the multi‐channel environment, and to develop a service aimed at promoting a sense of national community. 相似文献
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《Journal of Media Economics》2013,26(2):123-142
This article explores an important trend in German TV stations: the introduction and steady advancement of management control (MC) systems. Most publications aim at transferring MC theory to TV without explicit definition of the TV production function, thus this article describes the TV core processes (production, programming, sale, and promotion) to which MC is applied. The results from a full census among controllers of German TV stations about participation, instruments, and problems of MC in their companies are presented and interpreted. The results suggest that the level of MC is high only among top-rated commercial stations. Controllers in German TV stations mainly manage the planning and budgeting systems, but also act increasingly as internal consultants for program management. The dominant problems appear to be the establishment and acceptance of MC as well as methodical difficulties of TV accounting. The MC systems of public and commercial stations reflect the different business missions and systems. 相似文献
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《Journal of Media Economics》2013,26(4):39-58
Due to technological development and economic pressures, deregulation of the West European broadcasting market during the 1980s has led to an enormous increase in the number of television channels. The opening of the markets to commercial interests and the demand for TV software (programming material) at the same time give media companies diverse opportunities to become active across frontiers. Being the biggest broadcasting and advertising market in Western Europe, Germany has become an interesting target for foreign companies. The introduction of digital television in the summer of 1996 and further liberalization of ownership regulations have made entry into the German broadcasting market even more attractive. This article describes the development of the German TV sector and analyzes opportunities, restrictions, and consequences of international and particularly U.S. activities in the German market. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive investigation on perceived media credibility in China. In order to assess people's attitudes toward six media formats (television [TV], newspapers, radio, magazines, websites, and mobile devices), a series of surveys were conducted with a random sample of 5807 residents in 10 cities in China. Findings indicated that Chinese respondents perceived TV to be the most credible among all media and that TV was rated as more credible than newspapers. In addition, two official mouthpieces, China Central Television and the People's Daily, were both perceived to be highly credible. But readership in general was a nonfactor in terms of credibility. These findings challenged conventional thinking on media credibility. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
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《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(38):229-244
Electronic information formats such as optical media or multi-media used in colleges and universities present challenges for academic library policy makers. Some policy areas that should be considered for electronic and interactive formats are familiar and some are new. This paper describes areas of policy and decision points for services involving new and emerging formats such as hypermedia, interactive multi-media and full-text electronic files. Topics include: planning, staffing, collection development, security, access and services. The areas discussed were encountered by librarians in the author's library during the process of installing a 20-work-station Interactive Media Center. 相似文献
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《College & Undergraduate Libraries》2013,20(2):25-48
The creation of electronic collections is changing the nature of libraries. Until recently an electronic collection meant providing an on-line public access catalog and a few CD-ROMs. Now the technologies exist to network CD-ROMs, load databases on Integrated Library Systems and access a number of commercial databases across the Internet for a fixed fee. With this responsibility comes a need to understand electronic information and options for its access. This article deals with three electronic information formats: CD-ROM, tape loads, and on-line hosts; reviews some of the hardware platforms used for accessing information in these formats; and, discusses some of the issues involved in interconnecting computer systems to increase access to electronic collections. 相似文献
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Anne Schulz 《Communication monographs》2019,86(1):88-111
This article presents a secondary analysis of two multi-national cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2015 (11 countries, N?=?10,570) and 2017 (4 countries, N?=?2165) to examine the relationship between populist attitudes and media use. The results indicate that populist citizens are more likely to consume news than non-populist citizens. Specifically, populist citizens exhibit a preference for commercial television (TV) news, as well as a tendency to read tabloid newspapers. While they use fewer quality newspapers, public TV news are not systematically avoided. Regarding the online news environment, populist citizens prefer Facebook over Twitter as a source of political information. This selective pattern will be discussed in light of the debates on news audience polarization and political polarization. 相似文献
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无论电影还是电视剧都是现实的一面镜子,反映并影响着大众的生活和观念。电影中清心寡欲的徐夕、古板的陈清、胸怀宽广的林少龙、富有涵养的叶星雨,电视剧中温婉善良的于雅琴、热情淳朴的齐叔、认真严肃的文虽不能完全呈现真实生活中图书馆员的职业特征,但影视作品中的图书馆员形象会在一定程度上表现或影响社会对图书馆员的评介。图书馆人应在观影之余,反思自己是否真正领会了图书馆精神,具备了现代图书馆员的知识素养。 相似文献
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Tereza Pavlíčková 《The Communication Review》2013,16(1-2):31-39
In the current media environment the texts available to media audiences are from very diverse sources. This paper deals with a theoretical question of how the audiences' understanding of author co-determines the reader's interpretation of the particular text. Drawing on the tradition of philosophical hermeneutics, a concept of the imagined author is introduced: a result of the text-reader encounter, where the notion of the author suggested by the text is realized by the reader through their prior knowledge and expectations of an author. A multidimensional model of the author is therefore proposed to appreciate different characteristics and values potentially associated by audiences with varying forms of authorial presence. Distinguishing various dimensions of the author allows a matrix of authorial characteristics to be built that positions the author brought into the encounter by the text as a paratextual feature that co-determines the meaning of the text. 相似文献
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In a literature where different research approaches generate inconsistent effects, we examine negative TV advertising effects on public support ratings of presidential candidates over time. Weekly national advertising and poll data from 2011 and 2012 were analyzed via (a) pooled time series analysis with growth curve modeling and (b) individual time serial dependency analysis with autoregressive integrated moving average. Study results support a social influence model derived from attribution theory, wherein negative TV ads did, in fact, influence poll results or public support ratings. In particular, spending on negative advertising increased the support for the sponsor of such ads. We also uncover a reciprocal effect of negative advertising between the competing candidates over time, such that spending on negative advertising attacking Mitt Romney predicted spending on advertising attacking Barack Obama in about 4 weeks at Lag 3 and Lag 4. Findings establishing the efficacy of negative advertising are discussed in the context of game theory. 相似文献
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对媒介产品的经济学分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从经济学角度分析 ,媒介产品应归依为公共产品的范畴。具体到各种媒体 ,广播电视是纯公共产品 ,而报纸、杂志、卫星电视、有线电视是准公共产品。作为公共产品的媒介由于自身的特性 ,具有极强的外部效应 ,这就是政府对媒介产品严格管制的经济学依据。 相似文献
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《Communication monographs》2012,79(3):303-332
The study of political mass communication information outlet effects has been dominated by two types of studies, those which focus on a single outlet and those which look at the comparative influence of multiple outlets. The current study seeks to advance a third study type by offering a theory of political campaign media connectedness. Three axioms are offered in this work. In addition, a series of hypotheses involving five political communication campaign information outlets (conservative political talk radio, FOX cable TV news, daily newspapers, national network TV news, debate viewing) are posited. This work emphasizes the need to understand how various information outlets function in coordination with one another to produce a potentially diverse set of direct and indirect political campaign media effects. Future lines of theoretical inquiry and empirical research are outlined. 相似文献
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In this article, we examine content supply as a public service strategy in Finland, one of the forerunner countries of digital terrestrial television in Europe. Regarding digitalization, European broadcasters face several options from full service to a specialized mission. The case at hand is the first full digital year of 2002 in Finland. The focus is on one of the traditional principles of public service broadcasting, the diversity of programming, as it is realized in the new, digital, multichannel environment. We examine content diversity by comparing channel profiles as well by analyzing indexes of the horizontal and vertical breadth and dissimilarity of programming. In a market of two public service and two commercial analogue generalist TV channels, the five new thematic digital channels have radically altered the amount of system-wide supply, but the diversity of programming has not suffered. This is due to the specializing strategy of the public service broadcaster. Its approach to focus on factual programming is clear in its digital output but can be detected in moderation also in its analogue supply. However, with the expected increase on commercial digital supply also in terrestrial networks, there is the possibility of the generalist public service broadcaster to turn into a fragmented one. 相似文献
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欧美的公共信息管理及对我们的启示 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
20世纪90年代以来,欧美各国已将公共信息管理纳入国家信息基础设施建设的范畴,基本形成有利于公共信息管理顺利发展的环境。通过欧美中公共信息管理的比较,对我们的启示有:制定公共信息管理的政策法规,确保政府信息公开;动员全民参与;鼓励市场竞争;重视公共信息管理人才的培养。参考文献13。 相似文献
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本文通过透视当下电视媒体的公益传播内容,对电视公益传播三维内容,即节目、广告、活动的困境进行探析,提出其解决策略模式,以期为电视公益传播的良性循环发展提供借鉴。 相似文献
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It was just seven years ago when a commercial television station broadcast on the Greek airwaves for the first time. Today, 1997, the number of these stations has risen to 160. The formation of hundreds of commercial TV and radio stations resulted in Greece being one of the most dense media environments on the planet. Commercial television in Greece was born on 20 November 1989, when Mega Channel began broadcasting in the greater Athens area. By 1996 commercial television channels in Greece had captured approximately 90 per cent of the total viewing audience and 95 per cent of TV advertising revenue. This paper investigates the historical, legal, economic, political, and international phenomena which led to the birth of commercial television in Greece, the changes that television itself went through, the effects of these changes on Greek society, and the future prospects for Greek TV. 相似文献