排序方式： 共有26条查询结果，搜索用时 318 毫秒
1.
Individual, family, and neighborhood factors distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children: a cumulative stressors model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
OBJECTIVE: Children who are physically maltreated are at risk of a range of adverse outcomes in childhood and adulthood, but some children who are maltreated manage to function well despite their history of adversity. Which individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children? Do children's individual strengths promote resilience even when children are exposed to multiple family and neighborhood stressors (cumulative stressors model)? METHODS: Data were from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Study which describes a nationally representative sample of 1,116 twin pairs and their families. Families were home-visited when the twins were 5 and 7 years old, and teachers provided information about children's behavior at school. Interviewers rated the likelihood that children had been maltreated based on mothers' reports of harm to the child and child welfare involvement with the family. RESULTS: Resilient children were those who engaged in normative levels of antisocial behavior despite having been maltreated. Boys (but not girls) who had above-average intelligence and whose parents had relatively few symptoms of antisocial personality were more likely to be resilient versus non-resilient to maltreatment. Children whose parents had substance use problems and who lived in relatively high crime neighborhoods that were low on social cohesion and informal social control were less likely to be resilient versus non-resilient to maltreatment. Consistent with a cumulative stressors model of children's adaptation, individual strengths distinguished resilient from non-resilient children under conditions of low, but not high, family and neighborhood stress. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that for children residing in multi-problem families, personal resources may not be sufficient to promote their adaptive functioning. 相似文献
2.
Previous studies have reported, but not explained, the reason for a robust association between reading achievement and antisocial behavior. This association was investigated using the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative 1994-1995 birth cohort of 5- and 7-year-olds. Results showed that the association resulted primarily from environmental factors common to both reading and antisocial behavior and was stronger in boys. Environmental factors also explained the relation between reading disability and conduct disorder. Leading candidate environmental risk factors weakly mediated the association. For boys the best explanation was a reciprocal causation model: poor reading led to antisocial behavior, and vice versa. In contrast, the relation between reading achievement and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was best explained by common genetic influences. 相似文献
3.
In this study of the origins of individual differences in theory of mind (ToM), the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study sample of 1,116 sixty-month-old twin pairs completed a comprehensive battery of ToM tasks. Individual differences in ToM were striking and strongly associated with verbal ability. Behavioral genetic models of the data showed that environmental factors explained the majority of the variance in ToM performance in this sample. Shared environmental influences on verbal ability had a common impact on ToM and explained more than half the phenotypic correlation between these two skills. Possible underlying proximal mechanisms are discussed, including maternal speech and mind-mindedness, sibling interactions, and peer influences. 相似文献
4.
教育政策和实践总是处在困境之中,这是困扰政策制定者和实践者的问题.本文着力从教育政策和实践所面临的困境、如何处理困境的角度,重新审视政策和实践两者的关系,并从政策目标、政策工具和实践中的能力三方面对其展开论述,以期在冲突的基础上促进教育政策和实践间的融合. 相似文献
5.
Childhood cruelty to animals is thought to indicate that a child may have been maltreated. This study examined: (a) prevalence of cruelty to animals among 5- to 12-year-old children; (b) the association between cruelty to animals, child physical maltreatment, and adult domestic violence; and (c) whether cruelty to animals is a marker of maltreatment taking into account age, persistence of cruelty, and socioeconomic disadvantage. Data were from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, an epidemiological representative cohort of 2,232 children living in the United Kingdom. Mothers reported on cruelty to animals when children were 5, 7, 10, and 12 years, on child maltreatment up to age 12, and adult domestic violence. Nine percent of children were cruel to animals during the study and 2.6% persistently (≥2 time-points). Children cruel to animals were more likely to have been maltreated than other children (OR = 3.32) although the majority (56.4%) had not been maltreated. Animal cruelty was not associated with domestic violence when maltreatment was controlled for. In disadvantaged families, 6 in 10 children cruel to animals had been maltreated. In other families, the likelihood of maltreatment increased with age (from 3 in 10 5-year-olds to 4.5 in 10 12-year-olds) and persistence (4.5 in 10 of those persistently cruel). Although childhood cruelty to animals is associated with maltreatment, not every child showing cruelty had been maltreated. The usefulness of cruelty to animals as a marker for maltreatment increases with the child's age, persistence of behavior, and poorer social background. 相似文献
6.
HENK G. SCHMIDT HENK T. VAN DER MOLEN WILCO W. R. TE WINKEL WYNAND H. F. W. WIJNEN 《教育心理学家》2013,48(4):227-249
Effects of problem-based learning as reported in curricular comparison studies have been shown to be inconsistent over different medical schools. Therefore, we decided to summarize effects of a single well-established problem-based curriculum rather than to add up sometimes-conflicting findings from different problem-based curricula. Effect sizes were computed for 270 comparisons. The results suggest that students and graduates from the particular curriculum perform much better in the area of interpersonal skills, and with regard to practical medical skills. In addition, they consistently rate the quality of the curriculum as higher. Moreover, fewer students drop out, and those surviving need less time to graduate. Differences with respect to medical knowledge and diagnostic reasoning were on average positive but small. These outcomes are at variance with expectations voiced in recent contributions to the literature. They demonstrate that constructivist curricula can have positive effects on learning even if they deemphasize direct instruction. 相似文献
7.
摘要：习近平总书记高度重视体育事业，并围绕建设体育强国，加快“健康中国”建设发表了系列重要讲话。习近平关于体育系列重要讲话系统地阐述了对体育的认识与观点，是习近平体育观的集中体现。文章根据习近平系列重要讲话、有关体育指示的文献资料,应用原典分析法和对照式研究方法，系统分析和探析了习近平的体育观，深刻学习和全面领会了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。首先，习近平体育观，涵盖严谨的科学体系。习近平明确指出，“人民身体健康是全面建成小康社会的重要内涵”，这既是“体育定位的新论”，又是习近平体育观的逻辑起点。“两大发展思想”，是习近平体育观的根本指导方针。“两大战略目标”，是习近平体育观的战略目标体系。“六大战略任务”，是习近平体育观的发展战略任务。“深化体育三大改革”是习近平体育观的发展动力机制。“坚持党的领导”是习近平体育观的制度保证；其次，习近平体育观具有坚持体育的问题导向、坚持体育发展的人民性、时代性、社会引领示范性、坚持体育创新驱动性的创新特征，这彰显了习近平体育观的伟大时代价值；最后，习近平体育观是新时代的创新性理论，是建设体育强国，努力实现建设“健康中国”目标的指导思想。 相似文献
8.
Jasmin Wertz Terrie E. Moffitt Jessica Agnew-Blais Louise Arseneault Daniel W. Belsky David L. Corcoran Renate Houts Timothy Matthews Joseph A. Prinz Leah S. Richmond-Rakerd Karen Sugden Benjamin Williams Avshalom Caspi 《Child development》2020,91(5):1745-1761
This study tested implications of new genetic discoveries for understanding the association between parental investment and children’s educational attainment. A novel design matched genetic data from 860 British mothers and their children with home-visit measures of parenting: the E-Risk Study. Three findings emerged. First, both mothers’ and children’s education-associated genetics, summarized in a genome-wide polygenic score, were associated with parenting—a gene–environment correlation. Second, accounting for genetic influences slightly reduced associations between parenting and children’s attainment—indicating some genetic confounding. Third, mothers’ genetics were associated with children’s attainment over and above children's own genetics, via cognitively stimulating parenting—an environmentally mediated effect. Findings imply that, when interpreting parents’ effects on children, environmentalists must consider genetic transmission, but geneticists must also consider environmental transmission. 相似文献
9.
教育政策和实践总是处在困境之中,这是困扰政策制定者和实践者的问题.本文着力从教育政策和实践所面临的困境、如何处理困境的角度,重新审视政策和实践两者的关系,并从政策目标、政策工具和实践中的能力三方面对其展开论述,以期在冲突的基础上促进教育政策和实践间的融合. 相似文献
10.
The salutary effects of being raised by two married, biological parents depend on the quality of care parents can provide. Using data from an epidemiological sample of 1,116 5-year-old twin pairs and their parents, this study found that the less time fathers lived with their children, the more conduct problems their children had, but only if the fathers engaged in low levels of antisocial behavior. In contrast, when fathers engaged in high levels of antisocial behavior, the more time they lived with their children, the more conduct problems their children had. Behavioral genetic analyses showed that children who resided with antisocial fathers received a "double whammy" of genetic and environmental risk for conduct problems. Marriage may not be the answer to the problems faced by some children living in single-parent families unless their fathers can become reliable sources of emotional and economic support. 相似文献