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1.
英国非政府机构科普工作中的理论思想 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在英国的科普工作中,非政府机构发挥着重要作用。对于科普工作,它们不仅做了大量的具体实践工作,还提出一些重要的理论思想,其工作中就包含有一些深刻的理论。本文通过分析“公众理解科学”报告以及非政府机构所做的两个相关调查,说明:目前英国的“公众理解科学”工作主要是以这样一个理论为基础而开展的,即:这项工作首先需要理解公众,理解科学家。 相似文献
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最近20多年艾滋病在全球的蔓延对各国经济发展、社会稳定和人民健康造成了严重的危害,引起全球的广泛关注,世界各国有关投入日益加大。本文对目前国际上若干重要的艾滋病研究基金进行了总结分析。从这些基金的资助额度、资助方式、资助方向等方面来分析国际上艾滋病研究发展态势,以期为我国艾滋病研究提供一定的借鉴。 相似文献
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【目的/意义】群体智能涌现研究对于人们理解自然界规律,优化社会管理,推进知识创新有重要作用,网络
社区环境为群体智能涌现提供了研究和应用的新场景。【方法/过程】文章对国内外文献进行全面深入分析,从群体
智能涌现的现有研究内容,网络社区环境对群体智能的影响作用,网络社区中群体智能涌现的类型,以及网络社区
群体智能涌现应用场景几个方面对网络社区群体智能涌现研究展开梳理总结工作。【结果/结论】现有针对网络社
区环境下的群体智能涌现研究侧重于网络社区群体智能现象的分析和解读,但少有对其深层次的成因、动因等方
面的研究。未来可继续深入理论探讨并拓宽其在颠覆性技术识别、人工智能、智慧城市和公共危机管理等领域展
开实验应用研究。【创新/局限】本文的梳理工作对于全面了解群体智能涌现在网络社区环境中的研究提供了帮助,
但受现有相关应用研究数量上的局限而难以对网络知识社区群体智能涌现应用研究方面给予更丰富的佐证。 相似文献
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《International Journal of Information Management》2014,34(2):308-310
HIV/AIDS is a deadly disease which kills people everywhere in the world. The purpose of this paper is to show that libraries and information centres in Nigeria can be actively used in the campaign and war against the spread of HIV/AIDS. It shows how HIV/AIDS is reducing the population of Nigeria through deaths. It highlights factors responsible for the rapid spread of the disease and shows how provision of education and information supported by library and information services can help reduce the spread of the disease. Libraries and information centres should involve audio–visual materials, and information communication technologies in educating and dissimilating relevant information to the people against HIV/AIDS in the country. The paper has discussed problems hindering effective library services to Nigerians. 相似文献
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Tiffany C. Veinot 《The Information Society》2013,29(2):88-112
Although health information is widely available, information acquisition patterns may vary according to where one lives. Using Lievrouw's (2001) information environments (IE) theory, this mixed methods study compares three regional HIV/AIDS information environments in rural Canada. In accordance with IE theory, findings showed regional variation in institutional aspects of HIV/AIDS information environments: health institution service models; resource munificence and technology use; and some measures of social engagement and source availability. Differences were also present in the personal/relational aspects of environments: information network characteristics and levels of interpersonal interaction. However, in divergence from IE theory, regional success rates for answering HIV/AIDS-related questions were similar (86.26–89.34 percent). Furthermore, individual-level factors were more important than network position in predicting participants’ success rates. Yet, in line with IE theory, there were regional differences in the barriers that people affected by HIV/AIDS faced when seeking answers to their questions. These unaddressed barriers suggest that further development of IE theory requires incorporation of institutional capacity: provider knowledge, responsiveness, and service availability. 相似文献
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布赖恩·温的公众理解科学理论研究:内省模型 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
温是英国公众理解科学理论研究领域中的一位重要人物,通过对坎布里亚羊事件进行详细分析,温认为,在英国的公众理解科学中,有问题的不是公众对科学的无知,而是科学自身和科学机构的无知;但是科学及其机构却没有意识到他们自身的缺点,缺乏内省性。相反,这种内省性在坎布里亚地区的公众中却表现得非常明显。因此,温对传统的英国公众理解科学理论模型提出了批评,提出了他对公众理解科学的看法。本文讨论分析了他的可称为内省模型(reflexivitymodel)理论。 相似文献
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In this paper, we investigate the interplay of clinical knowledge and technological capabilities in the recent development of HIV/AIDS treatments and offer qualitative and quantitative evidence from the empirical setting of Italian practice. The study contributes to the literature on the co-evolution of physical and social technologies in medical innovation by showing how professional guidelines, systematic evaluative research and local coordination mechanisms contribute actively to the resolution of the uncertainty that surrounds technological advances, while leaving room for largely discretional therapeutic choices. The resulting variety in implementation strategies improves health outcomes, but may reduce productive efficiency. 相似文献
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Information Technology–enabled e-Governance outlets are being increasingly used in developing economies to facilitate the delivery of e-Government services. These outlets are managed by social entrepreneurs who serve as an intermediary between the citizen and the government. With social entrepreneurship and stakeholder theories as underpinnings and model validation with data from 232 respondents, the current work suggests that social entrepreneurs' satisfaction is derived from a positive public image and satisfaction with stakeholders. The two factors fulfill the entrepreneur’s communion motives and are derived from their economic well-being, an agency motive, which itself is an outcome of the e-Government website service quality. This study also establishes the intervening role of process and the government support for enhancing the social entrepreneur’s economic wellbeing. The study brings the unique perspectives of social entrepreneurship to e-Government service delivery and provides recommendations for policymakers to focus on the satisfaction of such intermediaries for sustainable inclusion into the digital mainstream. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]智库参与海洋公共外交可为海洋强国战略实施和21世纪海上丝绸之路建设提供助力。涉海智库以专业性优势可促进国际社会对中国海洋战略的正确理解,引导国际舆论走向,助力蓝色伙伴关系构建。[方法/过程]通过对国内智库参与海洋公共外交的实践进行比较分析,指出近年来涉海智库参与海洋公共外交虽取得一定成效,但也存在重咨政研究、轻国际交流,重“请进来”、轻“走出去”,重主权和安全议题、轻发展议题,重危机情境、轻常态情境等不平衡问题。[结果/结论]提出涉海智库参与海洋公共外交的“能力-行动-话语”范式;指出为提升智库参与海洋公共外交的效能,亟需引导不同性质智库发挥比较优势、提升责任意识、重视协同模式、确定重点目标、启动海外布点以及改善操作性细节。 相似文献
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Kent J 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2003,12(4):403-421
This paper discusses the controversy around breast implants in the United States and Europe. It focuses on the emergence of consumer and support groups for women and offers an analysis of the role they have played in recent policy developments in UK and Europe. The politics of breast implants is seen as a politics of knowledge in which scientific expertise has consistently been deployed in ways that minimize the credibility and legitimacy of women's accounts of their bodies and illness experiences. These women have been doubly disadvantaged in a policy debate that turns on scientific controversy and uncertainty. This implies a gendered dynamic to the changing relations of knowledge and expertise. The paper contributes to an understanding of the relations between regulators, manufacturers, users, and clinicians in the global medical device industry and to wider debates around the public understanding of science. 相似文献
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研究了公用事业行业价格持续上涨背后的价格管制缺陷及其治理途径。以南京市公交行业的涨价事件为案例,研究表明:在现行价格管制下,公用事业行业涨价的深层次原因并不是企业的亏损问题,而是公用事业行业作为一个利益整体与政府、社会公众等利益集团博弈的结果;在公用产品市场处于寡头垄断的状况下,企业间合谋是价格上涨的主要原因,而企业合谋的成因在于对公用产品的无限期经营和对亏损的直接补贴这两方面的制度缺陷;有效的治理途径是建立规范的特许权经营制度和改变现有的亏损补贴政策。 相似文献
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Stilgoe J 《Public understanding of science (Bristol, England)》2007,16(1):45-61
UK scientific advice on the possible health risks of mobile phones has embraced (or seems to be embracing) broader engagement with interested non-experts. This paper explains the context of lost credibility that made such a development necessary, and the implications of greater engagement for the construction (and expert control) of "public concern." I narrate how scientific advice matured from an approach based on compliance with guidelines to a style of "public science" in which issues such as trust and democracy were intertwined with scientific risk assessment. This paper develops existing conceptions of the "public understanding of science" with an explanation based around the co-production of scientific and social order. Using a narrative drawn from a series of in-depth interviews with scientists and policymakers, I explain how expert reformulation of the state of scientific uncertainty within a public controversy reveals constructions of "The Public," and the desired extent of their engagement. Constructions of the public changed at the same time as a construction of uncertainty as solely an expert concern was molded into a state of politically workable public uncertainty. This paper demonstrates how publics can be constructed as instruments of credible policymaking, and suggests the potential for public alienation if nonexperts feel they have not been fairly represented. 相似文献
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Veera Kangaspunta 《The Information Society》2013,29(5):275-288
AbstractThe research on online news comments has been dominated by a normative approach and has centered on media engagement. Normativity and media dominance have also featured big in the theoretical discussions on the public sphere. This article presents a case study of online news comments, combining a novel methodological testing of social network hypotheses to examine user–user interactions in online comments with a conceptual discussion of the potential connections between social network research and theories of the public. The social network analysis in this study indicated that users (online commentators) do not constitute highly dense networks, although their relations can be studied as social networks. However, this analysis can only explore limited features of this online phenomenon and requires complementary methods. From a conceptual perspective, this article confirms the role of shared issue for a potential public and also emphasizes the importance of context, actors, and meanings for understanding the public. 相似文献
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《Research Policy》2023,52(1):104646
While technology transfer at universities has received considerable attention in the innovation and entrepreneurship literature, we know much less about technology transfer at national/federal labs and (non-university) public research institutes. In this article and the related special section, we aim to fill this void. We provide a rationale for our special section on technology transfer from national/federal labs and public research institutes, summarize the papers in the special section, highlight research questions, theories, data and methods, key findings and conclusions. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for multi-level research on agents, institutions, and regions to improve our understanding of the managerial and public policy implications of technology transfer from these institutions. 相似文献
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The use of social media and Web 2.0 platforms is proliferating and affecting different formal and highly structured organisations including public safety agencies. Much of the research in the area has focussed on public use of social media during an emergency as well as how emergency agencies benefit from the data and information generated by this process. However, there is little understanding of “what are the operational implications of this public use on emergency management agencies and how does social media either positively or negatively impact these operations”? In order to progress research into this topic, we chose an engaged scholarship framework to shape a research agenda with the active participation of stakeholders. Hence, we conducted a series of workshops primarily involving over 100 public safety practitioners working in the area of disasters and emergency management who work in public safety agencies, humanitarian organisations, volunteering online platforms and volunteer groups in addition to 20 academics working on this area of enquiry. The findings highlight six different challenges that emergency responding organisations currently face in relation to social media use. We conceptualise these challenges as creating six operational tension zones for organisations. We discuss these tensions and their implications for future research and practice. 相似文献
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Alana Maurushat 《Ethics and Information Technology》2008,10(1):11-25
Censorship in the area of public health has become increasingly important in many parts of the world for a number of reasons.
Groups with vested interest in public health policy are motivated to censor material. As governments, corporations, and organizations
champion competing visions of public health issues, the more incentive there may be to censor. This is true in a number of
circumstances: curtailing access to information regarding the health and welfare of soldiers in the Kuwait and Iraq wars,
poor health conditions in Aboriginal communities, downplaying epidemics to bolster economies, and so forth. This paper will
look at the use of a computer worm (the benevolent health worm) to disseminate vital information in␣situations where public
health is threatened by government censorship and where there is great risk for those who ‹speak out’. The discussion of the
benevolent health worm is focused on the Peoples’ Republic of China (China) drawing on three public health crises: HIV/AIDS,
SARS and Avian Influenza. Ethical issues are examined first in a general fashion and then in a specific manner which uses
the duty-based moral philosophy of Confucianism and a Western human rights-based analysis. Technical, political and legal
issues will also be examined to the extent that they better inform the ethical debate. 相似文献
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社会建构论是一种被寄予厚望的哲学方式。作为新思潮,它有必要到历史中汲取思想资源。我们认为社会建构论的思想不仅有知识社会学和历史主义等经常被提到的近缘,还可追溯到康德和黑格尔以及皮尔士的哲学。这种追本溯源不但有助于我们从社会建构论的历史去理解它的逻辑,而且也为它提供了辩护。 相似文献
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社会中介组织还是专业服务组织?——中介组织概念名实辨 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
本文对我国改革开放以来公共事务和学术研究中频繁使用的“中介组织”概念名实不符问题提出了质疑并进行了论证。通过论述什么是与不是中介组织 ,作者指出 :目前流行之中介组织概念涵盖下的实体 ,如提供社会化服务的工程、技术、管理、财务、会计、律师、咨询公司及其行业协会应正名为专业服务组织和专业组织 ,并进而论述了正名的理由和原因。在此基础上 ,作者提请注意该类课题研究经费的合理配置 ,并指出 :至少 4个领域—工商管理、公共管理、工业经济学、专业社会学—中存在之相应概念、原理、理论、方法、技术可用来分析和解决诸如这些组织的运作、行业的规范、政府对它们的规制等问题 ,而那些应用理论解决实际问题或进而发展理论的研究才是真正的研究 相似文献
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[目的/意义]利用知识图谱构建大数据驱动的社交网络舆情事件主题图谱,是网络舆情学术界和产业界关注的新问题,结合校园突发事件网络舆情进行可视化分析对推动社交网络舆情监控平台的构建具有一定的理论和现实指导意义。[方法/过程]文章在对知识图谱、社交网络舆情事件主题图谱相关理论进行分析梳理的基础上,构建校园突发网络舆情事件主题图谱中的实体、关系和过程模型,并结合"北京交通大学实验室爆炸"舆情事件进行可视化分析。[结果/结论]数据结果表明,政府官微在舆情引导中起到重要作用;可以从"故事线"和"时间线"两个方面对舆情事件进行可视化分析;高校舆情事件在爆发初期、事件调查进展期、事件调查结果期呈现不同的情感倾向;高校舆情事件的传播媒介在移动端和非移动端传播差异不大;舆情夜间传播活跃度高于日间。 相似文献