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《Information processing & management》2019,56(3):704-720
This study aims to explore the relationships between user interaction and digital libraries (DLs) evaluation. User interaction is a multi-dimensional construct and recognized as three dimensions in this study, as user interaction with: information resource; interface; and, tasks. DL evaluation is considered from the user's perspective and defined as users’ perception of DL performance from different perspectives, including the support of DL's interaction design to user interaction (labeled as interaction-design-based (IDB) evaluation), the support of task completion (labeled as task-based evaluation), and a DL's overall performance (labeled as overall evaluation). An experiment with 48 participants was conducted using the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI (http://cnki.net/), the most widely used digital library in China). Participants searched for four simulated work tasks and one real work task during the experiment, subsequently evaluating their interaction with information resource, interface, and tasks, and DL performance from different perspectives before or after the search. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were conducted to examine the relationships. The results indicate that a list of factors related to different dimensions of user interaction can significantly predict or be correlated to users’ evaluation of DL performance from different perspectives, including appropriateness, rich and valid links, reasonable page layout, salience of topics, search task difficulty, well-organized web site, easy to learn, accessibility, usefulness, familiarity with task procedure, etc. These factors surface as the most critical criteria for DL evaluation. Based on the results, an integrated DL evaluation framework is developed. The study adds new knowledge about how tasks affect DL evaluation. It has implications for improving the efficiency of DL evaluation and helping DL developers design DLs to better support users’ interaction, task completion, and their overall experience with DLs. 相似文献
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Jingjing Liu Nicholas J. Belkin Xiangmin Zhang Xiaojun Yuan 《Information processing & management》2013
This paper examines the changes of information searchers’ topic knowledge levels in the process of completing information tasks. Multi-session tasks were used in the study, which enables the convenience of eliciting users’ topic knowledge during their process of completing the whole tasks. The study was a 3-session laboratory experiment with 24 participants, each time working on one subtask in an assigned 3-session general task. The general task was either parallel or dependently structured. Questionnaires were administered before and after each session to elicit users’ perceptions of their knowledge levels, task attributes, and other task features, for both the overall task and the sub-tasks. Our results support the assumption that users’ knowledge generally increases after each search session, but there were exceptions in which a “ceiling” effect was shown. We also found that knowledge was correlated with users’ perceptions of task attributes and accomplishment. In addition, task type was found to affect several aspects of knowledge levels and knowledge change. These findings further our understanding of users’ knowledge in information tasks and are thus helpful for information retrieval research and system design. 相似文献
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The nature of the task that leads a person to engage in information interaction, as well as of information seeking and searching tasks, have been shown to influence individuals’ information behavior. Classifying tasks in a domain has been viewed as a departure point of studies on the relationship between tasks and human information behavior. However, previous task classification schemes either classify tasks with respect to the requirements of specific studies or merely classify a certain category of task. Such approaches do not lead to a holistic picture of task since a task involves different aspects. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a faceted classification of task, which can incorporate work tasks and information search tasks into the same classification scheme and characterize tasks in such a way as to help people make predictions of information behavior. For this purpose, previous task classification schemes and their underlying facets are reviewed and discussed. Analysis identifies essential facets and categorizes them into Generic facets of task and Common attributes of task. Generic facets of task include Source of task, Task doer, Time, Action, Product, and Goal. Common attributes of task includes Task characteristics and User’s perception of task. Corresponding sub-facets and values are identified as well. In this fashion, a faceted classification of task is established which could be used to describe users’ work tasks and information search tasks. This faceted classification provides a framework to further explore the relationships among work tasks, search tasks, and interactive information retrieval and advance adaptive IR systems design. 相似文献
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Despite a number of studies looking at Web experience and Web searching tactics and behaviours, the specific relationships between experience and cognitive search strategies have not been widely researched. This study investigates how the cognitive search strategies of 80 participants might vary with Web experience as they engaged in two researcher-defined tasks and two participant-defined information seeking tasks. Each of the two researcher-defined tasks and participant-defined tasks included a directed search task and a general-purpose browsing task. While there were almost no significant performance differences between experience levels on any of the four tasks, there were significant differences in the use of cognitive search strategies. Participants with higher levels of Web experience were more likely to use “Parallel player”, “Parallel hub-and-spoke”, “Known address search domain” and “Known address” strategies, whereas participants with lower levels of Web experience were more likely to use “Virtual tourist”, “Link-dependent”, “To-the-point”, “Sequential player”, “Search engine narrowing”, and “Broad first” strategies. The patterns of use and differences between researcher-defined and participant-defined tasks and between directed search tasks and general-purpose browsing tasks are also discussed, although the distribution of search strategies by Web experience were not statistically significant for each individual task. 相似文献
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Michael J. Cole Jacek Gwizdka Chang Liu Nicholas J. Belkin Xiangmin Zhang 《Information processing & management》2013
The acquisition of information and the search interaction process is influenced strongly by a person’s use of their knowledge of the domain and the task. In this paper we show that a user’s level of domain knowledge can be inferred from their interactive search behaviors without considering the content of queries or documents. A technique is presented to model a user’s information acquisition process during search using only measurements of eye movement patterns. In a user study (n = 40) of search in the domain of genomics, a representation of the participant’s domain knowledge was constructed using self-ratings of knowledge of genomics-related terms (n = 409). Cognitive effort features associated with reading eye movement patterns were calculated for each reading instance during the search tasks. The results show correlations between the cognitive effort due to reading and an individual’s level of domain knowledge. We construct exploratory regression models that suggest it is possible to build models that can make predictions of the user’s level of knowledge based on real-time measurements of eye movement patterns during a task session. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2023,60(5):103453
Seeking online health information may reinforce the anxiety of those who are already overly anxious about their health. This study explored how people with health anxiety may behave differently in terms of their attentional biases when seeking health information online. We conducted an eye-tracking experiment with 17 participants in the high health anxious group and 17 participants in the low health anxious group, who performed three types of information-seeking tasks (factual, interpretive, and exploratory) on a Chinese health website. We observed that both groups mainly allocated their attention to the stages of evaluating the list of search results and synthesizing information to make health decisions. They showed similar attention tracks at the earlier search stages and health anxiety was found to associate with attentional biases towards certain website stimuli. However, the high health anxious group showed more active eye movements than their low health anxious counterparts. Attentional biases from the high health anxious group mainly occurred at the later stage of processing rather than the initial orientation stages. As for task types, the high health anxious group presented more extensive attentional biases when performing the interpretive task, compared to the explorative and factual tasks. The findings provide novel insights into the attentional biases of people with health anxiety as they search online for health information, which have implications on designing more effective information interventions for vulnerable groups of health information consumers. The findings can also help clinicians interpret patients’ anxiety-related sensations and provide intervening recommendations for clients in use of online health information. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2023,60(3):103300
Pre-adoption expectations often serve as an implicit reference point in users’ evaluation of information systems and are closely associated with their goals of interactions, behaviors, and overall satisfaction. Despite the empirically confirmed impacts, users’ search expectations and their connections to tasks, users, search experiences, and behaviors have been scarcely studied in the context of online information search. To address the gap, we collected 116 sessions from 60 participants in a controlled-lab Web search study and gathered direct feedback on their in-situ expected information gains (e.g., number of useful pages) and expected search efforts (e.g., clicks and dwell time) under each query during search sessions. Our study aims to examine (1) how users’ pre-search experience, task characteristics, and in-session experience affect their current expectations and (2) how user expectations are correlated with search behaviors and satisfaction. Our results with both quantitative and qualitative evidence demonstrate that: (1) user expectation is significantly affected by task characteristics, previous and in-situ search experience; (2) user expectation is closely associated with users’ browsing behaviors and search satisfaction. The knowledge learned about user expectation advances our understanding of users’ search behavioral patterns and their evaluations of interaction experience and will also facilitate the design, implementation, and evaluation of expectation-aware user models, metrics, and information retrieval (IR) systems. 相似文献
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Sophie Rutter Verena Blinzler Chaoyu Ye Max L. Wilson Michael D. Twidale 《Information processing & management》2019,56(3):919-938
With greater access to computational resources, people use search to address many everyday challenges in their lives, including solving technology problems. Although there are now many useful ‘how-to’ resources online (especially videos on YouTube), it can still be difficult to identify, understand, and resolve certain kinds of technical problem. While research tasks have been studied for many years and we know the tactics people use, we know far less about searchers’ tactics for how-to technical tasks that involve actually being able to apply found information to resolve a problem. Crucial to our study was developing and studying a highly realistic, how-to technical task, for which there was no single guidance resource: making a phone safe for a child. After providing 39 participants with an actual phone to fix, and a search engine to perform the task, we analysed their search tactics using retrospective cued think aloud interviews. Our primary contribution is a set of 77 tactics used, in three categories, along with detail of how common they were. We conclude that people had a lot of tactics in their repertoire. Although it was not hard for participants to find relevant information, what was hard was for participants to find information they could use; indeed only 23% of participants successfully completed the entire task. Domain knowledge affected the choice of tactics used (although not necessarily towards better task success). We discuss these influences and make design recommendations for how future search systems can support those in resolving how-to technical tasks. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]探究差异性任务情境对用户移动诊疗信息搜索行为的影响，并基于对比分析为移动诊疗信息的产品和服务创新提供改进方法和策略。[方法/过程]选取事实型、解释型和探索型3种代表性任务情境，采用"情境实验+问卷访谈"的方法获取研究样本的行为特征数据并辅助以录屏软件全程记录实验过程，通过人工编码、数据清洗和数据预处理等步骤对收集到的问卷文本和视频数据进行处理，获得36个有效样本和108份有效数据并利用SPSS22.0进行Mann-Whitney非参数检验。[结果/结论]差异性任务情境对搜索过程变量均具有显著影响。相对于事实型任务，解释型任务和探索型任务不仅在查询串修改次数、访问网页数和点击链接数上显著更多，而且在搜索策略上也倾向于使用更多的搜索渠道。任务类型对用户在任务完成前后的感知任务难度、感知完成度和客观完成度等指标上有显著影响，其中事实型任务难度最低且客观完成度最高，任务类型对用户的任务认知和感知多渠道搜索有用性无显著影响。 相似文献
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With the advent of various services and applications of Semantic Web, semantic annotation has emerged as an important research topic. The application of semantically annotated ontology had been evident in numerous information processing and retrieval tasks. One of such tasks is utilizing the semantically annotated ontology in product design which is able to suggest many important applications that are critical to aid various design related tasks. However, ontology development in design engineering remains a time consuming and tedious task that demands considerable human efforts. In the context of product family design, management of different product information that features efficient indexing, update, navigation, search and retrieval across product families is both desirable and challenging. For instance, an efficient way of retrieving timely information on product family can be useful for tasks such as product family redesign and new product variant derivation when requirements change. However, the current research and application of information search and navigation in product family is mostly limited to its structural aspect which is insufficient to handle advanced information search especially when the query targets at multiple aspects of a product. This paper attempts to address this problem by proposing an information search and retrieval framework based on the semantically annotated multi-facet product family ontology. Particularly, we propose a document profile (DP) model to suggest semantic tags for annotation purpose. Using a case study of digital camera families, we illustrate how the faceted search and retrieval of product information can be accomplished. We also exemplify how we can derive new product variants based on the designer’s query of requirements via the faceted search and retrieval of product family information. Lastly, in order to highlight the value of our current work, we briefly discuss some further research and applications in design decision support, e.g. commonality analysis and variety comparison, based on the semantically annotated multi-facet product family ontology. 相似文献
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Lori Lorigo Bing Pan Helene Hembrooke Thorsten Joachims Laura Granka Geri Gay 《Information processing & management》2006
To improve search engine effectiveness, we have observed an increased interest in gathering additional feedback about users’ information needs that goes beyond the queries they type in. Adaptive search engines use explicit and implicit feedback indicators to model users or search tasks. In order to create appropriate models, it is essential to understand how users interact with search engines, including the determining factors of their actions. Using eye tracking, we extend this understanding by analyzing the sequences and patterns with which users evaluate query result returned to them when using Google. We find that the query result abstracts are viewed in the order of their ranking in only about one fifth of the cases, and only an average of about three abstracts per result page are viewed at all. We also compare search behavior variability with respect to different classes of users and different classes of search tasks to reveal whether user models or task models may be greater predictors of behavior. We discover that gender and task significantly influence different kinds of search behaviors discussed here. The results are suggestive of improvements to query-based search interface designs with respect to both their use of space and workflow. 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2019,56(3):879-894
The documents retrieved by a web search are useful if the information they contain contributes to some task or information need. To measure search result utility, studies have typically focused on perceived usefulness rather than on actual information use. We investigate the actual usefulness of search results—as indicated by their use as sources in an extensive writing task—and the factors that make a writer successful at retrieving useful sources. Our data comprise 150 essays written by 12 writers whose querying, clicking and writing activities were recorded. By tracking authors’ text reuse behavior, we quantify the search results’ contribution to the task more accurately than before. We model the overall utility of the search results retrieved throughout the writing process using path analysis, and compare a binary utility model (Reuse Events) to one that quantifies a degree of utility (Reuse Amount). The Reuse Events model has greater explanatory power (63% vs. 48%); in both models, the number of clicks is by far the strongest predictor of useful results—with β-coefficients up to 0.7—while dwell time has a negative effect (β between −0.14 and −0.21). As a conclusion, we propose a new measure of search result usefulness based on a source’s contribution to an evolving text. Our findings are valid for tasks where text reuse is allowed, but also have implications on designing indicators of search result usefulness for general writing tasks. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]文章旨在探究诸如任务等影响游客社会化搜寻的因素，为旅游机构利用社交服务网站开展营销活动，成功激发游客的出游行为提供决策参考。[方法/过程]本研究基于实验法，考察任务不确定性（确定性任务vs.不确定性任务）、感知可用信息缺失（高vs.低）和时间距离（长vs.短）对游客社会化搜寻动机的影响。[结果/结论]结果显示：1）相对于确定性任务，不确定性任务下，游客的社会化搜寻动机大；2）相对于感知可用信息缺失程度低，感知可用信息缺失程度高下游客的社会化搜寻动机大；3）相对于时间距离长，时间距离短下游客的社会化搜寻动机大；4）时间距离能调节任务不确定性与游客社会化搜寻动机之间的关系，感知时间距离短，任务不确定性对游客社会化搜寻动机无影响；感知时间距离长时，不确定任务下社会化搜寻动机强，确定性任务下社会化搜寻动机弱。 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2020,57(2):102180
Search task success rate is an important indicator to measure the performance of search engines. In contrast to most of the previous approaches that rely on labeled search tasks provided by users or third-party editors, this paper attempts to improve the performance of search task success evaluation by exploiting unlabeled search tasks that are existing in search logs as well as a small amount of labeled ones. Concretely, the Multi-view Active Semi-Supervised Search task Success Evaluation (MA4SE) approach is proposed, which exploits labeled data and unlabeled data by integrating the advantages of both semi-supervised learning and active learning with the multi-view mechanism. In the semi-supervised learning part of MA4SE, we employ a multi-view semi-supervised learning approach that utilizes different parameter configurations to achieve the disagreement between base classifiers. The base classifiers are trained separately from the pre-defined action and time views. In the active learning part of MA4SE, each classifier received from semi-supervised learning is applied to unlabeled search tasks, and the search tasks that need to be manually annotated are selected based on both the degree of disagreement between base classifiers and a regional density measurement. We evaluate the proposed approach on open datasets with two different definitions of search tasks success. The experimental results show that MA4SE outperforms the state-of-the-art semi-supervised search task success evaluation approach. 相似文献
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[目的/意义]针对目前儿童搜索引擎在搜索过程中对儿童认知和情感引导上的缺乏,提出了一个符合儿童认知、情感和感官需求的具有社交化智能的儿童搜索引擎设计方法,为儿童搜索引擎设计和研发提供思路和方向。[方法/过程]使用百度搜索引擎进行儿童信息检索实验,根据儿童在完成3种类型实验任务时的认知、情感表现,结合儿童教育与发展理论,分析了认知、情感和感官要素对儿童检索过程和结果的影响,并以此为依据,从认知、情感和感官3个维度进行儿童搜索引擎设计。[结果/结论]为能更顺利地完成信息检索任务,儿童需要具有认知引导与共情功能的搜索引擎辅助检索活动进行,帮助他们在检索中获得知识、提升技能。 相似文献
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《Information processing & management》2020,57(6):102350
Search engine optimization allows for users’ needs to be directly met by result snippets or a “knowledge map” without clicking any results. This behavior is called “good abandonment” and is found to frequently occur during mobile searching. Users exhibit such a behavior when they trust the result that addresses their information need without bothering to click it. Therefore, this study examines how users judge a result's credibility without clicking. This study proposes a model for assessing the credibility of good abandonment results, making a hypothesis about the measures that may affect credibility assessments in mobile searches. A credibility assessment experiment was conducted to collect users’ eye movements, perceived credibility and feedback on different credibility measures. Users’ search behaviors were recorded by a screen recorder, in order to see whether a search was good abandonment. Then the initially proposed model was validated in terms of users’ perceived credibility, search behaviors and feedback, and further improved. The revised model found that the credibility assessment of good abandonment results in mobile searching is determined by six credibility measures distributed across three aspects of content, operator and design. Content-related measures show that users tend to believe the results if there is detailed and updated context information and the content is neutral. Operator-related measures indicate the impact of trust in the search engine on the credibility assessment. Design-related measures indicate that users tend to trust results with interactive functions and optimal layouts. How each of the six measures influence users’ assessment of credibility is discussed in this paper. 相似文献
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This study investigated whether and how different factors in relation to task, user-perceived knowledge, search process, and system affect users’ search tactic selection. Thirty-one participants, representing the general public with their own tasks, were recruited for this study. Multiple methods were employed to collect data, including pre-questionnaire, verbal protocols, log analysis, diaries, and post-questionnaires. Statistical analysis revealed that seven factors were significantly associated with tactic selection. These factors consist of work task types, search task types, familiarity with topic, search skills, search session length, search phases, and system types. Moreover, the study also discovered, qualitatively, in what ways these factors influence the selection of search tactics. Based on the findings, the authors discuss practical implications for system design to support users’ application of multiple search tactics for each factor. 相似文献